Directives • Overview • Angular

Use Angular's built-in directives to manage forms, lists, styles, and what users see.

The different types of Angular directives are as follows:

Directive Types	Details
Components	Used with a template. This type of directive is the most common directive type.
Attribute directives	Change the appearance or behavior of an element, component, or another directive.
Structural directives	Change the DOM layout by adding and removing DOM elements.

This guide covers built-in attribute directives and structural directives.

Built-in attribute directives

Attribute directives listen to and modify the behavior of other HTML elements, attributes, properties, and components.

The most common attribute directives are as follows:

Common directives	Details
`NgClass`	Adds and removes a set of CSS classes.
`NgStyle`	Adds and removes a set of HTML styles.
`NgModel`	Adds two-way data binding to an HTML form element.

HELPFUL: Built-in directives use only public APIs. They do not have special access to any private APIs that other directives can't access.

Adding and removing classes with `NgClass`

Add or remove multiple CSS classes simultaneously with ngClass.

HELPFUL: To add or remove a single class, use class binding rather than NgClass.

Import `NgClass` in the component

To use NgClass, add it to the component's imports list.

src/app/app.component.ts (NgClass import)

      import {Component, OnInit} from '@angular/core';import {JsonPipe} from '@angular/common';import {NgIf} from '@angular/common';import {NgFor} from '@angular/common';import {NgSwitch, NgSwitchCase, NgSwitchDefault} from '@angular/common';import {NgStyle} from '@angular/common';import {NgClass} from '@angular/common';import {FormsModule} from '@angular/forms';import {Item} from './item';import {ItemDetailComponent} from './item-detail/item-detail.component';import {ItemSwitchComponents} from './item-switch.component';import {StoutItemComponent} from './item-switch.component';@Component({  standalone: true,  selector: 'app-root',  templateUrl: './app.component.html',  styleUrls: ['./app.component.css'],  imports: [    NgIf, // <-- import into the component    NgFor, // <-- import into the component    NgStyle, // <-- import into the component    NgSwitch, // <-- import into the component    NgSwitchCase,    NgSwitchDefault,    NgClass, // <-- import into the component    FormsModule, // <--- import into the component    JsonPipe,    ItemDetailComponent,    ItemSwitchComponents,    StoutItemComponent,  ],})export class AppComponent implements OnInit {  canSave = true;  isSpecial = true;  isUnchanged = true;  isActive = true;  nullCustomer: string | null = null;  currentCustomer = {    name: 'Laura',  };  item!: Item; // defined to demonstrate template context precedence  items: Item[] = [];  currentItem!: Item;  // trackBy change counting  itemsNoTrackByCount = 0;  itemsWithTrackByCount = 0;  itemsWithTrackByCountReset = 0;  itemIdIncrement = 1;  currentClasses: Record<string, boolean> = {};  currentStyles: Record<string, string> = {};  ngOnInit() {    this.resetItems();    this.setCurrentClasses();    this.setCurrentStyles();    this.itemsNoTrackByCount = 0;  }  setUppercaseName(name: string) {    this.currentItem.name = name.toUpperCase();  }  setCurrentClasses() {    // CSS classes: added/removed per current state of component properties    this.currentClasses = {      saveable: this.canSave,      modified: !this.isUnchanged,      special: this.isSpecial,    };  }  setCurrentStyles() {    // CSS styles: set per current state of component properties    this.currentStyles = {      'font-style': this.canSave ? 'italic' : 'normal',      'font-weight': !this.isUnchanged ? 'bold' : 'normal',      'font-size': this.isSpecial ? '24px' : '12px',    };  }  isActiveToggle() {    this.isActive = !this.isActive;  }  giveNullCustomerValue() {    this.nullCustomer = 'Kelly';  }  resetItems() {    this.items = Item.items.map((item) => item.clone());    this.currentItem = this.items[0];    this.item = this.currentItem;  }  resetList() {    this.resetItems();    this.itemsWithTrackByCountReset = 0;    this.itemsNoTrackByCount = ++this.itemsNoTrackByCount;  }  changeIds() {    this.items.forEach((i) => (i.id += 1 * this.itemIdIncrement));    this.itemsWithTrackByCountReset = -1;    this.itemsNoTrackByCount = ++this.itemsNoTrackByCount;    this.itemsWithTrackByCount = ++this.itemsWithTrackByCount;  }  clearTrackByCounts() {    this.resetItems();    this.itemsNoTrackByCount = 0;    this.itemsWithTrackByCount = 0;    this.itemIdIncrement = 1;  }  trackByItems(index: number, item: Item): number {    return item.id;  }  trackById(index: number, item: any): number {    return item.id;  }  getValue(event: Event): string {    return (event.target as HTMLInputElement).value;  }}

Using `NgClass` with an expression

On the element you'd like to style, add [ngClass] and set it equal to an expression. In this case, isSpecial is a boolean set to true in app.component.ts. Because isSpecial is true, ngClass applies the class of special to the <div>.

src/app/app.component.html

      <h1>Built-in Directives</h1><h2>Built-in attribute directives</h2><h3 id="ngModel">NgModel (two-way) Binding</h3><fieldset><h4>NgModel examples</h4>  <p>Current item name: {{ currentItem.name }}</p>  <p>    <label for="without">without NgModel:</label>    <input [value]="currentItem.name" (input)="currentItem.name=getValue($event)" id="without">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-ngModel">[(ngModel)]:</label>    <input [(ngModel)]="currentItem.name" id="example-ngModel">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-change">(ngModelChange)="...name=$event":</label>    <input [ngModel]="currentItem.name" (ngModelChange)="currentItem.name=$event" id="example-change">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-uppercase">(ngModelChange)="setUppercaseName($event)"      <input [ngModel]="currentItem.name" (ngModelChange)="setUppercaseName($event)" id="example-uppercase">    </label>  </p></fieldset><hr><h2 id="ngClass">NgClass Binding</h2><p>currentClasses is {{ currentClasses | json }}</p><div [ngClass]="currentClasses">This div is initially saveable, unchanged, and special.</div><ul>  <li>    <label for="saveable">saveable</label>    <input type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="canSave" id="saveable">  </li>  <li>    <label for="modified">modified:</label>    <input type="checkbox" [value]="!isUnchanged" (change)="isUnchanged=!isUnchanged" id="modified"></li>  <li>    <label for="special">special: <input type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isSpecial" id="special"></label></li></ul><button type="button" (click)="setCurrentClasses()">Refresh currentClasses</button><div [ngClass]="currentClasses">  This div should be {{ canSave ? "": "not"}} saveable,                  {{ isUnchanged ? "unchanged" : "modified" }} and                  {{ isSpecial ? "": "not"}} special after clicking "Refresh".</div><br><br><!-- toggle the "special" class on/off with a property --><div [ngClass]="isSpecial ? 'special' : ''">This div is special</div><div class="helpful study course">Helpful study course</div><div [ngClass]="{'helpful':false, 'study':true, 'course':true}">Study course</div><!-- NgStyle binding --><hr><h3>NgStyle Binding</h3><div [style.font-size]="isSpecial ? 'x-large' : 'smaller'">  This div is x-large or smaller.</div><h4>[ngStyle] binding to currentStyles - CSS property names</h4><p>currentStyles is {{ currentStyles | json }}</p><div [ngStyle]="currentStyles">  This div is initially italic, normal weight, and extra large (24px).</div><br><label for="canSave">italic: <input id="canSave" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="canSave"></label> |<label for="isUnchanged">normal: <input id="isUnchanged" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isUnchanged"></label> |<label for="isSpecial">xlarge: <input id="isSpecial" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isSpecial"></label><button type="button" (click)="setCurrentStyles()">Refresh currentStyles</button><br><br><div [ngStyle]="currentStyles">  This div should be {{ canSave ? "italic": "plain"}},                  {{ isUnchanged ? "normal weight" : "bold" }} and,                  {{ isSpecial ? "extra large": "normal size"}} after clicking "Refresh".</div><hr><h2>Built-in structural directives</h2><h3 id="ngIf">NgIf Binding</h3><div>  <p>If isActive is true, app-item-detail will render: </p>  <app-item-detail *ngIf="isActive" [item]="item"></app-item-detail>  <button type="button" (click)="isActiveToggle()">Toggle app-item-detail</button></div><p>If currentCustomer isn't null, say hello to Laura:</p><div *ngIf="currentCustomer">Hello, {{ currentCustomer.name }}</div><p>nullCustomer is null by default. NgIf guards against null. Give it a value to show it:</p><div *ngIf="nullCustomer">Hello, <span>{{ nullCustomer }}</span></div><button type="button" (click)="giveNullCustomerValue()">Give nullCustomer a value</button><h4>NgIf binding with template (no *)</h4><ng-template [ngIf]="currentItem">Add {{ currentItem.name }} with template</ng-template><hr><h4>Show/hide vs. NgIf</h4><!-- isSpecial is true --><div [class.hidden]="!isSpecial">Show with class</div><div [class.hidden]="isSpecial">Hide with class</div><p>ItemDetail is in the DOM but hidden</p><app-item-detail [class.hidden]="isSpecial"></app-item-detail><div [style.display]="isSpecial ? 'block' : 'none'">Show with style</div><div [style.display]="isSpecial ? 'none'  : 'block'">Hide with style</div><hr><h2 id="ngFor">NgFor Binding</h2><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items">{{ item.name }}</div></div><p>*ngFor with ItemDetailComponent element</p><div class="box">  <app-item-detail *ngFor="let item of items" [item]="item"></app-item-detail></div><h4 id="ngFor-index">*ngFor with index</h4><p>with <em>semi-colon</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items; let i=index">{{ i + 1 }} - {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with <em>comma</em> separator</p><div class="box"> <div *ngFor="let item of items, let i=index">{{ i + 1 }} - {{ item.name }}</div></div><h4 id="ngFor-trackBy">*ngFor trackBy</h4><button type="button" (click)="resetList()">Reset items</button><button type="button" (click)="changeIds()">Change ids</button><button type="button" (click)="clearTrackByCounts()">Clear counts</button><p><em>without</em> trackBy</p><div class="box">  <div #noTrackBy *ngFor="let item of items">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div>  <div id="noTrackByCnt" *ngIf="itemsNoTrackByCount" >    Item DOM elements change #{{ itemsNoTrackByCount }} without trackBy  </div></div><p>with trackBy</p><div class="box">  <div #withTrackBy *ngFor="let item of items; trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div>  <div id="withTrackByCnt" *ngIf="itemsWithTrackByCount">    Item DOM elements change #{{ itemsWithTrackByCount }} with trackBy  </div></div><br><br><br><p>with trackBy and <em>semi-colon</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items; trackBy: trackByItems">    ({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}  </div></div><p>with trackBy and <em>comma</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items, trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with trackBy and <em>space</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with <em>generic</em> trackById function</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items, trackBy: trackById">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><hr><h2>NgSwitch Binding</h2><p>Pick your favorite item</p><div>  <label for="item-{{i}}" *ngFor="let i of items">    <div><input id="item-{{i}}"type="radio" name="items" [(ngModel)]="currentItem" [value]="i">{{ i.name }}    </div>  </label></div><div [ngSwitch]="currentItem.feature">  <app-stout-item    *ngSwitchCase="'stout'"    [item]="currentItem"></app-stout-item>  <app-device-item   *ngSwitchCase="'slim'"     [item]="currentItem"></app-device-item>  <app-lost-item     *ngSwitchCase="'vintage'"  [item]="currentItem"></app-lost-item>  <app-best-item     *ngSwitchCase="'bright'"   [item]="currentItem"></app-best-item>  <div *ngSwitchCase="'bright'">Are you as bright as {{ currentItem.name }}?</div>  <app-unknown-item  *ngSwitchDefault           [item]="currentItem"></app-unknown-item></div>

Using `NgClass` with a method

To use NgClass with a method, add the method to the component class. In the following example, setCurrentClasses() sets the property currentClasses with an object that adds or removes three classes based on the true or false state of three other component properties.

Each key of the object is a CSS class name. If a key is true, ngClass adds the class. If a key is false, ngClass removes the class.

src/app/app.component.ts

      import {Component, OnInit} from '@angular/core';import {JsonPipe} from '@angular/common';import {NgIf} from '@angular/common';import {NgFor} from '@angular/common';import {NgSwitch, NgSwitchCase, NgSwitchDefault} from '@angular/common';import {NgStyle} from '@angular/common';import {NgClass} from '@angular/common';import {FormsModule} from '@angular/forms';import {Item} from './item';import {ItemDetailComponent} from './item-detail/item-detail.component';import {ItemSwitchComponents} from './item-switch.component';import {StoutItemComponent} from './item-switch.component';@Component({  standalone: true,  selector: 'app-root',  templateUrl: './app.component.html',  styleUrls: ['./app.component.css'],  imports: [    NgIf, // <-- import into the component    NgFor, // <-- import into the component    NgStyle, // <-- import into the component    NgSwitch, // <-- import into the component    NgSwitchCase,    NgSwitchDefault,    NgClass, // <-- import into the component    FormsModule, // <--- import into the component    JsonPipe,    ItemDetailComponent,    ItemSwitchComponents,    StoutItemComponent,  ],})export class AppComponent implements OnInit {  canSave = true;  isSpecial = true;  isUnchanged = true;  isActive = true;  nullCustomer: string | null = null;  currentCustomer = {    name: 'Laura',  };  item!: Item; // defined to demonstrate template context precedence  items: Item[] = [];  currentItem!: Item;  // trackBy change counting  itemsNoTrackByCount = 0;  itemsWithTrackByCount = 0;  itemsWithTrackByCountReset = 0;  itemIdIncrement = 1;  currentClasses: Record<string, boolean> = {};  currentStyles: Record<string, string> = {};  ngOnInit() {    this.resetItems();    this.setCurrentClasses();    this.setCurrentStyles();    this.itemsNoTrackByCount = 0;  }  setUppercaseName(name: string) {    this.currentItem.name = name.toUpperCase();  }  setCurrentClasses() {    // CSS classes: added/removed per current state of component properties    this.currentClasses = {      saveable: this.canSave,      modified: !this.isUnchanged,      special: this.isSpecial,    };  }  setCurrentStyles() {    // CSS styles: set per current state of component properties    this.currentStyles = {      'font-style': this.canSave ? 'italic' : 'normal',      'font-weight': !this.isUnchanged ? 'bold' : 'normal',      'font-size': this.isSpecial ? '24px' : '12px',    };  }  isActiveToggle() {    this.isActive = !this.isActive;  }  giveNullCustomerValue() {    this.nullCustomer = 'Kelly';  }  resetItems() {    this.items = Item.items.map((item) => item.clone());    this.currentItem = this.items[0];    this.item = this.currentItem;  }  resetList() {    this.resetItems();    this.itemsWithTrackByCountReset = 0;    this.itemsNoTrackByCount = ++this.itemsNoTrackByCount;  }  changeIds() {    this.items.forEach((i) => (i.id += 1 * this.itemIdIncrement));    this.itemsWithTrackByCountReset = -1;    this.itemsNoTrackByCount = ++this.itemsNoTrackByCount;    this.itemsWithTrackByCount = ++this.itemsWithTrackByCount;  }  clearTrackByCounts() {    this.resetItems();    this.itemsNoTrackByCount = 0;    this.itemsWithTrackByCount = 0;    this.itemIdIncrement = 1;  }  trackByItems(index: number, item: Item): number {    return item.id;  }  trackById(index: number, item: any): number {    return item.id;  }  getValue(event: Event): string {    return (event.target as HTMLInputElement).value;  }}

In the template, add the ngClass property binding to currentClasses to set the element's classes:

src/app/app.component.html

      <h1>Built-in Directives</h1><h2>Built-in attribute directives</h2><h3 id="ngModel">NgModel (two-way) Binding</h3><fieldset><h4>NgModel examples</h4>  <p>Current item name: {{ currentItem.name }}</p>  <p>    <label for="without">without NgModel:</label>    <input [value]="currentItem.name" (input)="currentItem.name=getValue($event)" id="without">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-ngModel">[(ngModel)]:</label>    <input [(ngModel)]="currentItem.name" id="example-ngModel">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-change">(ngModelChange)="...name=$event":</label>    <input [ngModel]="currentItem.name" (ngModelChange)="currentItem.name=$event" id="example-change">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-uppercase">(ngModelChange)="setUppercaseName($event)"      <input [ngModel]="currentItem.name" (ngModelChange)="setUppercaseName($event)" id="example-uppercase">    </label>  </p></fieldset><hr><h2 id="ngClass">NgClass Binding</h2><p>currentClasses is {{ currentClasses | json }}</p><div [ngClass]="currentClasses">This div is initially saveable, unchanged, and special.</div><ul>  <li>    <label for="saveable">saveable</label>    <input type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="canSave" id="saveable">  </li>  <li>    <label for="modified">modified:</label>    <input type="checkbox" [value]="!isUnchanged" (change)="isUnchanged=!isUnchanged" id="modified"></li>  <li>    <label for="special">special: <input type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isSpecial" id="special"></label></li></ul><button type="button" (click)="setCurrentClasses()">Refresh currentClasses</button><div [ngClass]="currentClasses">  This div should be {{ canSave ? "": "not"}} saveable,                  {{ isUnchanged ? "unchanged" : "modified" }} and                  {{ isSpecial ? "": "not"}} special after clicking "Refresh".</div><br><br><!-- toggle the "special" class on/off with a property --><div [ngClass]="isSpecial ? 'special' : ''">This div is special</div><div class="helpful study course">Helpful study course</div><div [ngClass]="{'helpful':false, 'study':true, 'course':true}">Study course</div><!-- NgStyle binding --><hr><h3>NgStyle Binding</h3><div [style.font-size]="isSpecial ? 'x-large' : 'smaller'">  This div is x-large or smaller.</div><h4>[ngStyle] binding to currentStyles - CSS property names</h4><p>currentStyles is {{ currentStyles | json }}</p><div [ngStyle]="currentStyles">  This div is initially italic, normal weight, and extra large (24px).</div><br><label for="canSave">italic: <input id="canSave" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="canSave"></label> |<label for="isUnchanged">normal: <input id="isUnchanged" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isUnchanged"></label> |<label for="isSpecial">xlarge: <input id="isSpecial" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isSpecial"></label><button type="button" (click)="setCurrentStyles()">Refresh currentStyles</button><br><br><div [ngStyle]="currentStyles">  This div should be {{ canSave ? "italic": "plain"}},                  {{ isUnchanged ? "normal weight" : "bold" }} and,                  {{ isSpecial ? "extra large": "normal size"}} after clicking "Refresh".</div><hr><h2>Built-in structural directives</h2><h3 id="ngIf">NgIf Binding</h3><div>  <p>If isActive is true, app-item-detail will render: </p>  <app-item-detail *ngIf="isActive" [item]="item"></app-item-detail>  <button type="button" (click)="isActiveToggle()">Toggle app-item-detail</button></div><p>If currentCustomer isn't null, say hello to Laura:</p><div *ngIf="currentCustomer">Hello, {{ currentCustomer.name }}</div><p>nullCustomer is null by default. NgIf guards against null. Give it a value to show it:</p><div *ngIf="nullCustomer">Hello, <span>{{ nullCustomer }}</span></div><button type="button" (click)="giveNullCustomerValue()">Give nullCustomer a value</button><h4>NgIf binding with template (no *)</h4><ng-template [ngIf]="currentItem">Add {{ currentItem.name }} with template</ng-template><hr><h4>Show/hide vs. NgIf</h4><!-- isSpecial is true --><div [class.hidden]="!isSpecial">Show with class</div><div [class.hidden]="isSpecial">Hide with class</div><p>ItemDetail is in the DOM but hidden</p><app-item-detail [class.hidden]="isSpecial"></app-item-detail><div [style.display]="isSpecial ? 'block' : 'none'">Show with style</div><div [style.display]="isSpecial ? 'none'  : 'block'">Hide with style</div><hr><h2 id="ngFor">NgFor Binding</h2><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items">{{ item.name }}</div></div><p>*ngFor with ItemDetailComponent element</p><div class="box">  <app-item-detail *ngFor="let item of items" [item]="item"></app-item-detail></div><h4 id="ngFor-index">*ngFor with index</h4><p>with <em>semi-colon</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items; let i=index">{{ i + 1 }} - {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with <em>comma</em> separator</p><div class="box"> <div *ngFor="let item of items, let i=index">{{ i + 1 }} - {{ item.name }}</div></div><h4 id="ngFor-trackBy">*ngFor trackBy</h4><button type="button" (click)="resetList()">Reset items</button><button type="button" (click)="changeIds()">Change ids</button><button type="button" (click)="clearTrackByCounts()">Clear counts</button><p><em>without</em> trackBy</p><div class="box">  <div #noTrackBy *ngFor="let item of items">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div>  <div id="noTrackByCnt" *ngIf="itemsNoTrackByCount" >    Item DOM elements change #{{ itemsNoTrackByCount }} without trackBy  </div></div><p>with trackBy</p><div class="box">  <div #withTrackBy *ngFor="let item of items; trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div>  <div id="withTrackByCnt" *ngIf="itemsWithTrackByCount">    Item DOM elements change #{{ itemsWithTrackByCount }} with trackBy  </div></div><br><br><br><p>with trackBy and <em>semi-colon</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items; trackBy: trackByItems">    ({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}  </div></div><p>with trackBy and <em>comma</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items, trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with trackBy and <em>space</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with <em>generic</em> trackById function</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items, trackBy: trackById">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><hr><h2>NgSwitch Binding</h2><p>Pick your favorite item</p><div>  <label for="item-{{i}}" *ngFor="let i of items">    <div><input id="item-{{i}}"type="radio" name="items" [(ngModel)]="currentItem" [value]="i">{{ i.name }}    </div>  </label></div><div [ngSwitch]="currentItem.feature">  <app-stout-item    *ngSwitchCase="'stout'"    [item]="currentItem"></app-stout-item>  <app-device-item   *ngSwitchCase="'slim'"     [item]="currentItem"></app-device-item>  <app-lost-item     *ngSwitchCase="'vintage'"  [item]="currentItem"></app-lost-item>  <app-best-item     *ngSwitchCase="'bright'"   [item]="currentItem"></app-best-item>  <div *ngSwitchCase="'bright'">Are you as bright as {{ currentItem.name }}?</div>  <app-unknown-item  *ngSwitchDefault           [item]="currentItem"></app-unknown-item></div>

For this use case, Angular applies the classes on initialization and in case of changes caused by reassigning the currentClasses object. The full example calls setCurrentClasses() initially with ngOnInit() when the user clicks on the Refresh currentClasses button. These steps are not necessary to implement ngClass.

Setting inline styles with `NgStyle`

Import `NgStyle` in the component

To use NgStyle, add it to the component's imports list.

src/app/app.component.ts (NgStyle import)

      import {Component, OnInit} from '@angular/core';import {JsonPipe} from '@angular/common';import {NgIf} from '@angular/common';import {NgFor} from '@angular/common';import {NgSwitch, NgSwitchCase, NgSwitchDefault} from '@angular/common';import {NgStyle} from '@angular/common';import {NgClass} from '@angular/common';import {FormsModule} from '@angular/forms';import {Item} from './item';import {ItemDetailComponent} from './item-detail/item-detail.component';import {ItemSwitchComponents} from './item-switch.component';import {StoutItemComponent} from './item-switch.component';@Component({  standalone: true,  selector: 'app-root',  templateUrl: './app.component.html',  styleUrls: ['./app.component.css'],  imports: [    NgIf, // <-- import into the component    NgFor, // <-- import into the component    NgStyle, // <-- import into the component    NgSwitch, // <-- import into the component    NgSwitchCase,    NgSwitchDefault,    NgClass, // <-- import into the component    FormsModule, // <--- import into the component    JsonPipe,    ItemDetailComponent,    ItemSwitchComponents,    StoutItemComponent,  ],})export class AppComponent implements OnInit {  canSave = true;  isSpecial = true;  isUnchanged = true;  isActive = true;  nullCustomer: string | null = null;  currentCustomer = {    name: 'Laura',  };  item!: Item; // defined to demonstrate template context precedence  items: Item[] = [];  currentItem!: Item;  // trackBy change counting  itemsNoTrackByCount = 0;  itemsWithTrackByCount = 0;  itemsWithTrackByCountReset = 0;  itemIdIncrement = 1;  currentClasses: Record<string, boolean> = {};  currentStyles: Record<string, string> = {};  ngOnInit() {    this.resetItems();    this.setCurrentClasses();    this.setCurrentStyles();    this.itemsNoTrackByCount = 0;  }  setUppercaseName(name: string) {    this.currentItem.name = name.toUpperCase();  }  setCurrentClasses() {    // CSS classes: added/removed per current state of component properties    this.currentClasses = {      saveable: this.canSave,      modified: !this.isUnchanged,      special: this.isSpecial,    };  }  setCurrentStyles() {    // CSS styles: set per current state of component properties    this.currentStyles = {      'font-style': this.canSave ? 'italic' : 'normal',      'font-weight': !this.isUnchanged ? 'bold' : 'normal',      'font-size': this.isSpecial ? '24px' : '12px',    };  }  isActiveToggle() {    this.isActive = !this.isActive;  }  giveNullCustomerValue() {    this.nullCustomer = 'Kelly';  }  resetItems() {    this.items = Item.items.map((item) => item.clone());    this.currentItem = this.items[0];    this.item = this.currentItem;  }  resetList() {    this.resetItems();    this.itemsWithTrackByCountReset = 0;    this.itemsNoTrackByCount = ++this.itemsNoTrackByCount;  }  changeIds() {    this.items.forEach((i) => (i.id += 1 * this.itemIdIncrement));    this.itemsWithTrackByCountReset = -1;    this.itemsNoTrackByCount = ++this.itemsNoTrackByCount;    this.itemsWithTrackByCount = ++this.itemsWithTrackByCount;  }  clearTrackByCounts() {    this.resetItems();    this.itemsNoTrackByCount = 0;    this.itemsWithTrackByCount = 0;    this.itemIdIncrement = 1;  }  trackByItems(index: number, item: Item): number {    return item.id;  }  trackById(index: number, item: any): number {    return item.id;  }  getValue(event: Event): string {    return (event.target as HTMLInputElement).value;  }}

Use NgStyle to set multiple inline styles simultaneously, based on the state of the component.

To use NgStyle, add a method to the component class.

In the following example, setCurrentStyles() sets the property currentStyles with an object that defines three styles, based on the state of three other component properties.

src/app/app.component.ts

      import {Component, OnInit} from '@angular/core';import {JsonPipe} from '@angular/common';import {NgIf} from '@angular/common';import {NgFor} from '@angular/common';import {NgSwitch, NgSwitchCase, NgSwitchDefault} from '@angular/common';import {NgStyle} from '@angular/common';import {NgClass} from '@angular/common';import {FormsModule} from '@angular/forms';import {Item} from './item';import {ItemDetailComponent} from './item-detail/item-detail.component';import {ItemSwitchComponents} from './item-switch.component';import {StoutItemComponent} from './item-switch.component';@Component({  standalone: true,  selector: 'app-root',  templateUrl: './app.component.html',  styleUrls: ['./app.component.css'],  imports: [    NgIf, // <-- import into the component    NgFor, // <-- import into the component    NgStyle, // <-- import into the component    NgSwitch, // <-- import into the component    NgSwitchCase,    NgSwitchDefault,    NgClass, // <-- import into the component    FormsModule, // <--- import into the component    JsonPipe,    ItemDetailComponent,    ItemSwitchComponents,    StoutItemComponent,  ],})export class AppComponent implements OnInit {  canSave = true;  isSpecial = true;  isUnchanged = true;  isActive = true;  nullCustomer: string | null = null;  currentCustomer = {    name: 'Laura',  };  item!: Item; // defined to demonstrate template context precedence  items: Item[] = [];  currentItem!: Item;  // trackBy change counting  itemsNoTrackByCount = 0;  itemsWithTrackByCount = 0;  itemsWithTrackByCountReset = 0;  itemIdIncrement = 1;  currentClasses: Record<string, boolean> = {};  currentStyles: Record<string, string> = {};  ngOnInit() {    this.resetItems();    this.setCurrentClasses();    this.setCurrentStyles();    this.itemsNoTrackByCount = 0;  }  setUppercaseName(name: string) {    this.currentItem.name = name.toUpperCase();  }  setCurrentClasses() {    // CSS classes: added/removed per current state of component properties    this.currentClasses = {      saveable: this.canSave,      modified: !this.isUnchanged,      special: this.isSpecial,    };  }  setCurrentStyles() {    // CSS styles: set per current state of component properties    this.currentStyles = {      'font-style': this.canSave ? 'italic' : 'normal',      'font-weight': !this.isUnchanged ? 'bold' : 'normal',      'font-size': this.isSpecial ? '24px' : '12px',    };  }  isActiveToggle() {    this.isActive = !this.isActive;  }  giveNullCustomerValue() {    this.nullCustomer = 'Kelly';  }  resetItems() {    this.items = Item.items.map((item) => item.clone());    this.currentItem = this.items[0];    this.item = this.currentItem;  }  resetList() {    this.resetItems();    this.itemsWithTrackByCountReset = 0;    this.itemsNoTrackByCount = ++this.itemsNoTrackByCount;  }  changeIds() {    this.items.forEach((i) => (i.id += 1 * this.itemIdIncrement));    this.itemsWithTrackByCountReset = -1;    this.itemsNoTrackByCount = ++this.itemsNoTrackByCount;    this.itemsWithTrackByCount = ++this.itemsWithTrackByCount;  }  clearTrackByCounts() {    this.resetItems();    this.itemsNoTrackByCount = 0;    this.itemsWithTrackByCount = 0;    this.itemIdIncrement = 1;  }  trackByItems(index: number, item: Item): number {    return item.id;  }  trackById(index: number, item: any): number {    return item.id;  }  getValue(event: Event): string {    return (event.target as HTMLInputElement).value;  }}

To set the element's styles, add an ngStyle property binding to currentStyles.

src/app/app.component.html

      <h1>Built-in Directives</h1><h2>Built-in attribute directives</h2><h3 id="ngModel">NgModel (two-way) Binding</h3><fieldset><h4>NgModel examples</h4>  <p>Current item name: {{ currentItem.name }}</p>  <p>    <label for="without">without NgModel:</label>    <input [value]="currentItem.name" (input)="currentItem.name=getValue($event)" id="without">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-ngModel">[(ngModel)]:</label>    <input [(ngModel)]="currentItem.name" id="example-ngModel">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-change">(ngModelChange)="...name=$event":</label>    <input [ngModel]="currentItem.name" (ngModelChange)="currentItem.name=$event" id="example-change">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-uppercase">(ngModelChange)="setUppercaseName($event)"      <input [ngModel]="currentItem.name" (ngModelChange)="setUppercaseName($event)" id="example-uppercase">    </label>  </p></fieldset><hr><h2 id="ngClass">NgClass Binding</h2><p>currentClasses is {{ currentClasses | json }}</p><div [ngClass]="currentClasses">This div is initially saveable, unchanged, and special.</div><ul>  <li>    <label for="saveable">saveable</label>    <input type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="canSave" id="saveable">  </li>  <li>    <label for="modified">modified:</label>    <input type="checkbox" [value]="!isUnchanged" (change)="isUnchanged=!isUnchanged" id="modified"></li>  <li>    <label for="special">special: <input type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isSpecial" id="special"></label></li></ul><button type="button" (click)="setCurrentClasses()">Refresh currentClasses</button><div [ngClass]="currentClasses">  This div should be {{ canSave ? "": "not"}} saveable,                  {{ isUnchanged ? "unchanged" : "modified" }} and                  {{ isSpecial ? "": "not"}} special after clicking "Refresh".</div><br><br><!-- toggle the "special" class on/off with a property --><div [ngClass]="isSpecial ? 'special' : ''">This div is special</div><div class="helpful study course">Helpful study course</div><div [ngClass]="{'helpful':false, 'study':true, 'course':true}">Study course</div><!-- NgStyle binding --><hr><h3>NgStyle Binding</h3><div [style.font-size]="isSpecial ? 'x-large' : 'smaller'">  This div is x-large or smaller.</div><h4>[ngStyle] binding to currentStyles - CSS property names</h4><p>currentStyles is {{ currentStyles | json }}</p><div [ngStyle]="currentStyles">  This div is initially italic, normal weight, and extra large (24px).</div><br><label for="canSave">italic: <input id="canSave" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="canSave"></label> |<label for="isUnchanged">normal: <input id="isUnchanged" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isUnchanged"></label> |<label for="isSpecial">xlarge: <input id="isSpecial" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isSpecial"></label><button type="button" (click)="setCurrentStyles()">Refresh currentStyles</button><br><br><div [ngStyle]="currentStyles">  This div should be {{ canSave ? "italic": "plain"}},                  {{ isUnchanged ? "normal weight" : "bold" }} and,                  {{ isSpecial ? "extra large": "normal size"}} after clicking "Refresh".</div><hr><h2>Built-in structural directives</h2><h3 id="ngIf">NgIf Binding</h3><div>  <p>If isActive is true, app-item-detail will render: </p>  <app-item-detail *ngIf="isActive" [item]="item"></app-item-detail>  <button type="button" (click)="isActiveToggle()">Toggle app-item-detail</button></div><p>If currentCustomer isn't null, say hello to Laura:</p><div *ngIf="currentCustomer">Hello, {{ currentCustomer.name }}</div><p>nullCustomer is null by default. NgIf guards against null. Give it a value to show it:</p><div *ngIf="nullCustomer">Hello, <span>{{ nullCustomer }}</span></div><button type="button" (click)="giveNullCustomerValue()">Give nullCustomer a value</button><h4>NgIf binding with template (no *)</h4><ng-template [ngIf]="currentItem">Add {{ currentItem.name }} with template</ng-template><hr><h4>Show/hide vs. NgIf</h4><!-- isSpecial is true --><div [class.hidden]="!isSpecial">Show with class</div><div [class.hidden]="isSpecial">Hide with class</div><p>ItemDetail is in the DOM but hidden</p><app-item-detail [class.hidden]="isSpecial"></app-item-detail><div [style.display]="isSpecial ? 'block' : 'none'">Show with style</div><div [style.display]="isSpecial ? 'none'  : 'block'">Hide with style</div><hr><h2 id="ngFor">NgFor Binding</h2><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items">{{ item.name }}</div></div><p>*ngFor with ItemDetailComponent element</p><div class="box">  <app-item-detail *ngFor="let item of items" [item]="item"></app-item-detail></div><h4 id="ngFor-index">*ngFor with index</h4><p>with <em>semi-colon</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items; let i=index">{{ i + 1 }} - {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with <em>comma</em> separator</p><div class="box"> <div *ngFor="let item of items, let i=index">{{ i + 1 }} - {{ item.name }}</div></div><h4 id="ngFor-trackBy">*ngFor trackBy</h4><button type="button" (click)="resetList()">Reset items</button><button type="button" (click)="changeIds()">Change ids</button><button type="button" (click)="clearTrackByCounts()">Clear counts</button><p><em>without</em> trackBy</p><div class="box">  <div #noTrackBy *ngFor="let item of items">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div>  <div id="noTrackByCnt" *ngIf="itemsNoTrackByCount" >    Item DOM elements change #{{ itemsNoTrackByCount }} without trackBy  </div></div><p>with trackBy</p><div class="box">  <div #withTrackBy *ngFor="let item of items; trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div>  <div id="withTrackByCnt" *ngIf="itemsWithTrackByCount">    Item DOM elements change #{{ itemsWithTrackByCount }} with trackBy  </div></div><br><br><br><p>with trackBy and <em>semi-colon</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items; trackBy: trackByItems">    ({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}  </div></div><p>with trackBy and <em>comma</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items, trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with trackBy and <em>space</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with <em>generic</em> trackById function</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items, trackBy: trackById">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><hr><h2>NgSwitch Binding</h2><p>Pick your favorite item</p><div>  <label for="item-{{i}}" *ngFor="let i of items">    <div><input id="item-{{i}}"type="radio" name="items" [(ngModel)]="currentItem" [value]="i">{{ i.name }}    </div>  </label></div><div [ngSwitch]="currentItem.feature">  <app-stout-item    *ngSwitchCase="'stout'"    [item]="currentItem"></app-stout-item>  <app-device-item   *ngSwitchCase="'slim'"     [item]="currentItem"></app-device-item>  <app-lost-item     *ngSwitchCase="'vintage'"  [item]="currentItem"></app-lost-item>  <app-best-item     *ngSwitchCase="'bright'"   [item]="currentItem"></app-best-item>  <div *ngSwitchCase="'bright'">Are you as bright as {{ currentItem.name }}?</div>  <app-unknown-item  *ngSwitchDefault           [item]="currentItem"></app-unknown-item></div>

For this use case, Angular applies the styles upon initialization and in case of changes. To do this, the full example calls setCurrentStyles() initially with ngOnInit() and when the dependent properties change through a button click. However, these steps are not necessary to implement ngStyle on its own.

Displaying and updating properties with `ngModel`

Use the NgModel directive to display a data property and update that property when the user makes changes.

Import FormsModule and add it to the AppComponent's imports list.

src/app/app.component.ts (FormsModule import)

      import {Component, OnInit} from '@angular/core';import {JsonPipe} from '@angular/common';import {NgIf} from '@angular/common';import {NgFor} from '@angular/common';import {NgSwitch, NgSwitchCase, NgSwitchDefault} from '@angular/common';import {NgStyle} from '@angular/common';import {NgClass} from '@angular/common';import {FormsModule} from '@angular/forms';import {Item} from './item';import {ItemDetailComponent} from './item-detail/item-detail.component';import {ItemSwitchComponents} from './item-switch.component';import {StoutItemComponent} from './item-switch.component';@Component({  standalone: true,  selector: 'app-root',  templateUrl: './app.component.html',  styleUrls: ['./app.component.css'],  imports: [    NgIf, // <-- import into the component    NgFor, // <-- import into the component    NgStyle, // <-- import into the component    NgSwitch, // <-- import into the component    NgSwitchCase,    NgSwitchDefault,    NgClass, // <-- import into the component    FormsModule, // <--- import into the component    JsonPipe,    ItemDetailComponent,    ItemSwitchComponents,    StoutItemComponent,  ],})export class AppComponent implements OnInit {  canSave = true;  isSpecial = true;  isUnchanged = true;  isActive = true;  nullCustomer: string | null = null;  currentCustomer = {    name: 'Laura',  };  item!: Item; // defined to demonstrate template context precedence  items: Item[] = [];  currentItem!: Item;  // trackBy change counting  itemsNoTrackByCount = 0;  itemsWithTrackByCount = 0;  itemsWithTrackByCountReset = 0;  itemIdIncrement = 1;  currentClasses: Record<string, boolean> = {};  currentStyles: Record<string, string> = {};  ngOnInit() {    this.resetItems();    this.setCurrentClasses();    this.setCurrentStyles();    this.itemsNoTrackByCount = 0;  }  setUppercaseName(name: string) {    this.currentItem.name = name.toUpperCase();  }  setCurrentClasses() {    // CSS classes: added/removed per current state of component properties    this.currentClasses = {      saveable: this.canSave,      modified: !this.isUnchanged,      special: this.isSpecial,    };  }  setCurrentStyles() {    // CSS styles: set per current state of component properties    this.currentStyles = {      'font-style': this.canSave ? 'italic' : 'normal',      'font-weight': !this.isUnchanged ? 'bold' : 'normal',      'font-size': this.isSpecial ? '24px' : '12px',    };  }  isActiveToggle() {    this.isActive = !this.isActive;  }  giveNullCustomerValue() {    this.nullCustomer = 'Kelly';  }  resetItems() {    this.items = Item.items.map((item) => item.clone());    this.currentItem = this.items[0];    this.item = this.currentItem;  }  resetList() {    this.resetItems();    this.itemsWithTrackByCountReset = 0;    this.itemsNoTrackByCount = ++this.itemsNoTrackByCount;  }  changeIds() {    this.items.forEach((i) => (i.id += 1 * this.itemIdIncrement));    this.itemsWithTrackByCountReset = -1;    this.itemsNoTrackByCount = ++this.itemsNoTrackByCount;    this.itemsWithTrackByCount = ++this.itemsWithTrackByCount;  }  clearTrackByCounts() {    this.resetItems();    this.itemsNoTrackByCount = 0;    this.itemsWithTrackByCount = 0;    this.itemIdIncrement = 1;  }  trackByItems(index: number, item: Item): number {    return item.id;  }  trackById(index: number, item: any): number {    return item.id;  }  getValue(event: Event): string {    return (event.target as HTMLInputElement).value;  }}

Add an [(ngModel)] binding on an HTML <form> element and set it equal to the property, here name.

src/app/app.component.html (NgModel example)

      <h1>Built-in Directives</h1><h2>Built-in attribute directives</h2><h3 id="ngModel">NgModel (two-way) Binding</h3><fieldset><h4>NgModel examples</h4>  <p>Current item name: {{ currentItem.name }}</p>  <p>    <label for="without">without NgModel:</label>    <input [value]="currentItem.name" (input)="currentItem.name=getValue($event)" id="without">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-ngModel">[(ngModel)]:</label>    <input [(ngModel)]="currentItem.name" id="example-ngModel">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-change">(ngModelChange)="...name=$event":</label>    <input [ngModel]="currentItem.name" (ngModelChange)="currentItem.name=$event" id="example-change">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-uppercase">(ngModelChange)="setUppercaseName($event)"      <input [ngModel]="currentItem.name" (ngModelChange)="setUppercaseName($event)" id="example-uppercase">    </label>  </p></fieldset><hr><h2 id="ngClass">NgClass Binding</h2><p>currentClasses is {{ currentClasses | json }}</p><div [ngClass]="currentClasses">This div is initially saveable, unchanged, and special.</div><ul>  <li>    <label for="saveable">saveable</label>    <input type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="canSave" id="saveable">  </li>  <li>    <label for="modified">modified:</label>    <input type="checkbox" [value]="!isUnchanged" (change)="isUnchanged=!isUnchanged" id="modified"></li>  <li>    <label for="special">special: <input type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isSpecial" id="special"></label></li></ul><button type="button" (click)="setCurrentClasses()">Refresh currentClasses</button><div [ngClass]="currentClasses">  This div should be {{ canSave ? "": "not"}} saveable,                  {{ isUnchanged ? "unchanged" : "modified" }} and                  {{ isSpecial ? "": "not"}} special after clicking "Refresh".</div><br><br><!-- toggle the "special" class on/off with a property --><div [ngClass]="isSpecial ? 'special' : ''">This div is special</div><div class="helpful study course">Helpful study course</div><div [ngClass]="{'helpful':false, 'study':true, 'course':true}">Study course</div><!-- NgStyle binding --><hr><h3>NgStyle Binding</h3><div [style.font-size]="isSpecial ? 'x-large' : 'smaller'">  This div is x-large or smaller.</div><h4>[ngStyle] binding to currentStyles - CSS property names</h4><p>currentStyles is {{ currentStyles | json }}</p><div [ngStyle]="currentStyles">  This div is initially italic, normal weight, and extra large (24px).</div><br><label for="canSave">italic: <input id="canSave" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="canSave"></label> |<label for="isUnchanged">normal: <input id="isUnchanged" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isUnchanged"></label> |<label for="isSpecial">xlarge: <input id="isSpecial" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isSpecial"></label><button type="button" (click)="setCurrentStyles()">Refresh currentStyles</button><br><br><div [ngStyle]="currentStyles">  This div should be {{ canSave ? "italic": "plain"}},                  {{ isUnchanged ? "normal weight" : "bold" }} and,                  {{ isSpecial ? "extra large": "normal size"}} after clicking "Refresh".</div><hr><h2>Built-in structural directives</h2><h3 id="ngIf">NgIf Binding</h3><div>  <p>If isActive is true, app-item-detail will render: </p>  <app-item-detail *ngIf="isActive" [item]="item"></app-item-detail>  <button type="button" (click)="isActiveToggle()">Toggle app-item-detail</button></div><p>If currentCustomer isn't null, say hello to Laura:</p><div *ngIf="currentCustomer">Hello, {{ currentCustomer.name }}</div><p>nullCustomer is null by default. NgIf guards against null. Give it a value to show it:</p><div *ngIf="nullCustomer">Hello, <span>{{ nullCustomer }}</span></div><button type="button" (click)="giveNullCustomerValue()">Give nullCustomer a value</button><h4>NgIf binding with template (no *)</h4><ng-template [ngIf]="currentItem">Add {{ currentItem.name }} with template</ng-template><hr><h4>Show/hide vs. NgIf</h4><!-- isSpecial is true --><div [class.hidden]="!isSpecial">Show with class</div><div [class.hidden]="isSpecial">Hide with class</div><p>ItemDetail is in the DOM but hidden</p><app-item-detail [class.hidden]="isSpecial"></app-item-detail><div [style.display]="isSpecial ? 'block' : 'none'">Show with style</div><div [style.display]="isSpecial ? 'none'  : 'block'">Hide with style</div><hr><h2 id="ngFor">NgFor Binding</h2><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items">{{ item.name }}</div></div><p>*ngFor with ItemDetailComponent element</p><div class="box">  <app-item-detail *ngFor="let item of items" [item]="item"></app-item-detail></div><h4 id="ngFor-index">*ngFor with index</h4><p>with <em>semi-colon</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items; let i=index">{{ i + 1 }} - {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with <em>comma</em> separator</p><div class="box"> <div *ngFor="let item of items, let i=index">{{ i + 1 }} - {{ item.name }}</div></div><h4 id="ngFor-trackBy">*ngFor trackBy</h4><button type="button" (click)="resetList()">Reset items</button><button type="button" (click)="changeIds()">Change ids</button><button type="button" (click)="clearTrackByCounts()">Clear counts</button><p><em>without</em> trackBy</p><div class="box">  <div #noTrackBy *ngFor="let item of items">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div>  <div id="noTrackByCnt" *ngIf="itemsNoTrackByCount" >    Item DOM elements change #{{ itemsNoTrackByCount }} without trackBy  </div></div><p>with trackBy</p><div class="box">  <div #withTrackBy *ngFor="let item of items; trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div>  <div id="withTrackByCnt" *ngIf="itemsWithTrackByCount">    Item DOM elements change #{{ itemsWithTrackByCount }} with trackBy  </div></div><br><br><br><p>with trackBy and <em>semi-colon</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items; trackBy: trackByItems">    ({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}  </div></div><p>with trackBy and <em>comma</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items, trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with trackBy and <em>space</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with <em>generic</em> trackById function</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items, trackBy: trackById">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><hr><h2>NgSwitch Binding</h2><p>Pick your favorite item</p><div>  <label for="item-{{i}}" *ngFor="let i of items">    <div><input id="item-{{i}}"type="radio" name="items" [(ngModel)]="currentItem" [value]="i">{{ i.name }}    </div>  </label></div><div [ngSwitch]="currentItem.feature">  <app-stout-item    *ngSwitchCase="'stout'"    [item]="currentItem"></app-stout-item>  <app-device-item   *ngSwitchCase="'slim'"     [item]="currentItem"></app-device-item>  <app-lost-item     *ngSwitchCase="'vintage'"  [item]="currentItem"></app-lost-item>  <app-best-item     *ngSwitchCase="'bright'"   [item]="currentItem"></app-best-item>  <div *ngSwitchCase="'bright'">Are you as bright as {{ currentItem.name }}?</div>  <app-unknown-item  *ngSwitchDefault           [item]="currentItem"></app-unknown-item></div>

This [(ngModel)] syntax can only set a data-bound property.

To customize your configuration, write the expanded form, which separates the property and event binding. Use property binding to set the property and event binding to respond to changes. The following example changes the <input> value to uppercase:

src/app/app.component.html

      <h1>Built-in Directives</h1><h2>Built-in attribute directives</h2><h3 id="ngModel">NgModel (two-way) Binding</h3><fieldset><h4>NgModel examples</h4>  <p>Current item name: {{ currentItem.name }}</p>  <p>    <label for="without">without NgModel:</label>    <input [value]="currentItem.name" (input)="currentItem.name=getValue($event)" id="without">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-ngModel">[(ngModel)]:</label>    <input [(ngModel)]="currentItem.name" id="example-ngModel">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-change">(ngModelChange)="...name=$event":</label>    <input [ngModel]="currentItem.name" (ngModelChange)="currentItem.name=$event" id="example-change">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-uppercase">(ngModelChange)="setUppercaseName($event)"      <input [ngModel]="currentItem.name" (ngModelChange)="setUppercaseName($event)" id="example-uppercase">    </label>  </p></fieldset><hr><h2 id="ngClass">NgClass Binding</h2><p>currentClasses is {{ currentClasses | json }}</p><div [ngClass]="currentClasses">This div is initially saveable, unchanged, and special.</div><ul>  <li>    <label for="saveable">saveable</label>    <input type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="canSave" id="saveable">  </li>  <li>    <label for="modified">modified:</label>    <input type="checkbox" [value]="!isUnchanged" (change)="isUnchanged=!isUnchanged" id="modified"></li>  <li>    <label for="special">special: <input type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isSpecial" id="special"></label></li></ul><button type="button" (click)="setCurrentClasses()">Refresh currentClasses</button><div [ngClass]="currentClasses">  This div should be {{ canSave ? "": "not"}} saveable,                  {{ isUnchanged ? "unchanged" : "modified" }} and                  {{ isSpecial ? "": "not"}} special after clicking "Refresh".</div><br><br><!-- toggle the "special" class on/off with a property --><div [ngClass]="isSpecial ? 'special' : ''">This div is special</div><div class="helpful study course">Helpful study course</div><div [ngClass]="{'helpful':false, 'study':true, 'course':true}">Study course</div><!-- NgStyle binding --><hr><h3>NgStyle Binding</h3><div [style.font-size]="isSpecial ? 'x-large' : 'smaller'">  This div is x-large or smaller.</div><h4>[ngStyle] binding to currentStyles - CSS property names</h4><p>currentStyles is {{ currentStyles | json }}</p><div [ngStyle]="currentStyles">  This div is initially italic, normal weight, and extra large (24px).</div><br><label for="canSave">italic: <input id="canSave" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="canSave"></label> |<label for="isUnchanged">normal: <input id="isUnchanged" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isUnchanged"></label> |<label for="isSpecial">xlarge: <input id="isSpecial" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isSpecial"></label><button type="button" (click)="setCurrentStyles()">Refresh currentStyles</button><br><br><div [ngStyle]="currentStyles">  This div should be {{ canSave ? "italic": "plain"}},                  {{ isUnchanged ? "normal weight" : "bold" }} and,                  {{ isSpecial ? "extra large": "normal size"}} after clicking "Refresh".</div><hr><h2>Built-in structural directives</h2><h3 id="ngIf">NgIf Binding</h3><div>  <p>If isActive is true, app-item-detail will render: </p>  <app-item-detail *ngIf="isActive" [item]="item"></app-item-detail>  <button type="button" (click)="isActiveToggle()">Toggle app-item-detail</button></div><p>If currentCustomer isn't null, say hello to Laura:</p><div *ngIf="currentCustomer">Hello, {{ currentCustomer.name }}</div><p>nullCustomer is null by default. NgIf guards against null. Give it a value to show it:</p><div *ngIf="nullCustomer">Hello, <span>{{ nullCustomer }}</span></div><button type="button" (click)="giveNullCustomerValue()">Give nullCustomer a value</button><h4>NgIf binding with template (no *)</h4><ng-template [ngIf]="currentItem">Add {{ currentItem.name }} with template</ng-template><hr><h4>Show/hide vs. NgIf</h4><!-- isSpecial is true --><div [class.hidden]="!isSpecial">Show with class</div><div [class.hidden]="isSpecial">Hide with class</div><p>ItemDetail is in the DOM but hidden</p><app-item-detail [class.hidden]="isSpecial"></app-item-detail><div [style.display]="isSpecial ? 'block' : 'none'">Show with style</div><div [style.display]="isSpecial ? 'none'  : 'block'">Hide with style</div><hr><h2 id="ngFor">NgFor Binding</h2><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items">{{ item.name }}</div></div><p>*ngFor with ItemDetailComponent element</p><div class="box">  <app-item-detail *ngFor="let item of items" [item]="item"></app-item-detail></div><h4 id="ngFor-index">*ngFor with index</h4><p>with <em>semi-colon</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items; let i=index">{{ i + 1 }} - {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with <em>comma</em> separator</p><div class="box"> <div *ngFor="let item of items, let i=index">{{ i + 1 }} - {{ item.name }}</div></div><h4 id="ngFor-trackBy">*ngFor trackBy</h4><button type="button" (click)="resetList()">Reset items</button><button type="button" (click)="changeIds()">Change ids</button><button type="button" (click)="clearTrackByCounts()">Clear counts</button><p><em>without</em> trackBy</p><div class="box">  <div #noTrackBy *ngFor="let item of items">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div>  <div id="noTrackByCnt" *ngIf="itemsNoTrackByCount" >    Item DOM elements change #{{ itemsNoTrackByCount }} without trackBy  </div></div><p>with trackBy</p><div class="box">  <div #withTrackBy *ngFor="let item of items; trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div>  <div id="withTrackByCnt" *ngIf="itemsWithTrackByCount">    Item DOM elements change #{{ itemsWithTrackByCount }} with trackBy  </div></div><br><br><br><p>with trackBy and <em>semi-colon</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items; trackBy: trackByItems">    ({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}  </div></div><p>with trackBy and <em>comma</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items, trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with trackBy and <em>space</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with <em>generic</em> trackById function</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items, trackBy: trackById">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><hr><h2>NgSwitch Binding</h2><p>Pick your favorite item</p><div>  <label for="item-{{i}}" *ngFor="let i of items">    <div><input id="item-{{i}}"type="radio" name="items" [(ngModel)]="currentItem" [value]="i">{{ i.name }}    </div>  </label></div><div [ngSwitch]="currentItem.feature">  <app-stout-item    *ngSwitchCase="'stout'"    [item]="currentItem"></app-stout-item>  <app-device-item   *ngSwitchCase="'slim'"     [item]="currentItem"></app-device-item>  <app-lost-item     *ngSwitchCase="'vintage'"  [item]="currentItem"></app-lost-item>  <app-best-item     *ngSwitchCase="'bright'"   [item]="currentItem"></app-best-item>  <div *ngSwitchCase="'bright'">Are you as bright as {{ currentItem.name }}?</div>  <app-unknown-item  *ngSwitchDefault           [item]="currentItem"></app-unknown-item></div>

Here are all variations in action, including the uppercase version:

`NgModel` and value accessors

The NgModel directive works for an element supported by a ControlValueAccessor. Angular provides value accessors for all of the basic HTML form elements. For more information, see Forms.

To apply [(ngModel)] to a non-form built-in element or a third-party custom component, you have to write a value accessor. For more information, see the API documentation on DefaultValueAccessor.

HELPFUL: When you write an Angular component, you don't need a value accessor or NgModel if you name the value and event properties according to Angular's two-way binding syntax.

Built-in structural directives

Structural directives are responsible for HTML layout. They shape or reshape the DOM's structure, typically by adding, removing, and manipulating the host elements to which they are attached.

This section introduces the most common built-in structural directives:

Common built-in structural directives	Details
`NgIf`	Conditionally creates or disposes of subviews from the template.
`NgFor`	Repeat a node for each item in a list.
`NgSwitch`	A set of directives that switch among alternative views.

For more information, see Structural Directives.

Adding or removing an element with `NgIf`

Add or remove an element by applying an NgIf directive to a host element.

When NgIf is false, Angular removes an element and its descendants from the DOM. Angular then disposes of their components, which frees up memory and resources.

Import `NgIf` in the component

To use NgIf, add it to the component's imports list.

src/app/app.component.ts (NgIf import)

      import {Component, OnInit} from '@angular/core';import {JsonPipe} from '@angular/common';import {NgIf} from '@angular/common';import {NgFor} from '@angular/common';import {NgSwitch, NgSwitchCase, NgSwitchDefault} from '@angular/common';import {NgStyle} from '@angular/common';import {NgClass} from '@angular/common';import {FormsModule} from '@angular/forms';import {Item} from './item';import {ItemDetailComponent} from './item-detail/item-detail.component';import {ItemSwitchComponents} from './item-switch.component';import {StoutItemComponent} from './item-switch.component';@Component({  standalone: true,  selector: 'app-root',  templateUrl: './app.component.html',  styleUrls: ['./app.component.css'],  imports: [    NgIf, // <-- import into the component    NgFor, // <-- import into the component    NgStyle, // <-- import into the component    NgSwitch, // <-- import into the component    NgSwitchCase,    NgSwitchDefault,    NgClass, // <-- import into the component    FormsModule, // <--- import into the component    JsonPipe,    ItemDetailComponent,    ItemSwitchComponents,    StoutItemComponent,  ],})export class AppComponent implements OnInit {  canSave = true;  isSpecial = true;  isUnchanged = true;  isActive = true;  nullCustomer: string | null = null;  currentCustomer = {    name: 'Laura',  };  item!: Item; // defined to demonstrate template context precedence  items: Item[] = [];  currentItem!: Item;  // trackBy change counting  itemsNoTrackByCount = 0;  itemsWithTrackByCount = 0;  itemsWithTrackByCountReset = 0;  itemIdIncrement = 1;  currentClasses: Record<string, boolean> = {};  currentStyles: Record<string, string> = {};  ngOnInit() {    this.resetItems();    this.setCurrentClasses();    this.setCurrentStyles();    this.itemsNoTrackByCount = 0;  }  setUppercaseName(name: string) {    this.currentItem.name = name.toUpperCase();  }  setCurrentClasses() {    // CSS classes: added/removed per current state of component properties    this.currentClasses = {      saveable: this.canSave,      modified: !this.isUnchanged,      special: this.isSpecial,    };  }  setCurrentStyles() {    // CSS styles: set per current state of component properties    this.currentStyles = {      'font-style': this.canSave ? 'italic' : 'normal',      'font-weight': !this.isUnchanged ? 'bold' : 'normal',      'font-size': this.isSpecial ? '24px' : '12px',    };  }  isActiveToggle() {    this.isActive = !this.isActive;  }  giveNullCustomerValue() {    this.nullCustomer = 'Kelly';  }  resetItems() {    this.items = Item.items.map((item) => item.clone());    this.currentItem = this.items[0];    this.item = this.currentItem;  }  resetList() {    this.resetItems();    this.itemsWithTrackByCountReset = 0;    this.itemsNoTrackByCount = ++this.itemsNoTrackByCount;  }  changeIds() {    this.items.forEach((i) => (i.id += 1 * this.itemIdIncrement));    this.itemsWithTrackByCountReset = -1;    this.itemsNoTrackByCount = ++this.itemsNoTrackByCount;    this.itemsWithTrackByCount = ++this.itemsWithTrackByCount;  }  clearTrackByCounts() {    this.resetItems();    this.itemsNoTrackByCount = 0;    this.itemsWithTrackByCount = 0;    this.itemIdIncrement = 1;  }  trackByItems(index: number, item: Item): number {    return item.id;  }  trackById(index: number, item: any): number {    return item.id;  }  getValue(event: Event): string {    return (event.target as HTMLInputElement).value;  }}

Using `NgIf`

To add or remove an element, bind *ngIf to a condition expression such as isActive in the following example.

src/app/app.component.html

      <h1>Built-in Directives</h1><h2>Built-in attribute directives</h2><h3 id="ngModel">NgModel (two-way) Binding</h3><fieldset><h4>NgModel examples</h4>  <p>Current item name: {{ currentItem.name }}</p>  <p>    <label for="without">without NgModel:</label>    <input [value]="currentItem.name" (input)="currentItem.name=getValue($event)" id="without">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-ngModel">[(ngModel)]:</label>    <input [(ngModel)]="currentItem.name" id="example-ngModel">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-change">(ngModelChange)="...name=$event":</label>    <input [ngModel]="currentItem.name" (ngModelChange)="currentItem.name=$event" id="example-change">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-uppercase">(ngModelChange)="setUppercaseName($event)"      <input [ngModel]="currentItem.name" (ngModelChange)="setUppercaseName($event)" id="example-uppercase">    </label>  </p></fieldset><hr><h2 id="ngClass">NgClass Binding</h2><p>currentClasses is {{ currentClasses | json }}</p><div [ngClass]="currentClasses">This div is initially saveable, unchanged, and special.</div><ul>  <li>    <label for="saveable">saveable</label>    <input type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="canSave" id="saveable">  </li>  <li>    <label for="modified">modified:</label>    <input type="checkbox" [value]="!isUnchanged" (change)="isUnchanged=!isUnchanged" id="modified"></li>  <li>    <label for="special">special: <input type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isSpecial" id="special"></label></li></ul><button type="button" (click)="setCurrentClasses()">Refresh currentClasses</button><div [ngClass]="currentClasses">  This div should be {{ canSave ? "": "not"}} saveable,                  {{ isUnchanged ? "unchanged" : "modified" }} and                  {{ isSpecial ? "": "not"}} special after clicking "Refresh".</div><br><br><!-- toggle the "special" class on/off with a property --><div [ngClass]="isSpecial ? 'special' : ''">This div is special</div><div class="helpful study course">Helpful study course</div><div [ngClass]="{'helpful':false, 'study':true, 'course':true}">Study course</div><!-- NgStyle binding --><hr><h3>NgStyle Binding</h3><div [style.font-size]="isSpecial ? 'x-large' : 'smaller'">  This div is x-large or smaller.</div><h4>[ngStyle] binding to currentStyles - CSS property names</h4><p>currentStyles is {{ currentStyles | json }}</p><div [ngStyle]="currentStyles">  This div is initially italic, normal weight, and extra large (24px).</div><br><label for="canSave">italic: <input id="canSave" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="canSave"></label> |<label for="isUnchanged">normal: <input id="isUnchanged" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isUnchanged"></label> |<label for="isSpecial">xlarge: <input id="isSpecial" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isSpecial"></label><button type="button" (click)="setCurrentStyles()">Refresh currentStyles</button><br><br><div [ngStyle]="currentStyles">  This div should be {{ canSave ? "italic": "plain"}},                  {{ isUnchanged ? "normal weight" : "bold" }} and,                  {{ isSpecial ? "extra large": "normal size"}} after clicking "Refresh".</div><hr><h2>Built-in structural directives</h2><h3 id="ngIf">NgIf Binding</h3><div>  <p>If isActive is true, app-item-detail will render: </p>  <app-item-detail *ngIf="isActive" [item]="item"></app-item-detail>  <button type="button" (click)="isActiveToggle()">Toggle app-item-detail</button></div><p>If currentCustomer isn't null, say hello to Laura:</p><div *ngIf="currentCustomer">Hello, {{ currentCustomer.name }}</div><p>nullCustomer is null by default. NgIf guards against null. Give it a value to show it:</p><div *ngIf="nullCustomer">Hello, <span>{{ nullCustomer }}</span></div><button type="button" (click)="giveNullCustomerValue()">Give nullCustomer a value</button><h4>NgIf binding with template (no *)</h4><ng-template [ngIf]="currentItem">Add {{ currentItem.name }} with template</ng-template><hr><h4>Show/hide vs. NgIf</h4><!-- isSpecial is true --><div [class.hidden]="!isSpecial">Show with class</div><div [class.hidden]="isSpecial">Hide with class</div><p>ItemDetail is in the DOM but hidden</p><app-item-detail [class.hidden]="isSpecial"></app-item-detail><div [style.display]="isSpecial ? 'block' : 'none'">Show with style</div><div [style.display]="isSpecial ? 'none'  : 'block'">Hide with style</div><hr><h2 id="ngFor">NgFor Binding</h2><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items">{{ item.name }}</div></div><p>*ngFor with ItemDetailComponent element</p><div class="box">  <app-item-detail *ngFor="let item of items" [item]="item"></app-item-detail></div><h4 id="ngFor-index">*ngFor with index</h4><p>with <em>semi-colon</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items; let i=index">{{ i + 1 }} - {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with <em>comma</em> separator</p><div class="box"> <div *ngFor="let item of items, let i=index">{{ i + 1 }} - {{ item.name }}</div></div><h4 id="ngFor-trackBy">*ngFor trackBy</h4><button type="button" (click)="resetList()">Reset items</button><button type="button" (click)="changeIds()">Change ids</button><button type="button" (click)="clearTrackByCounts()">Clear counts</button><p><em>without</em> trackBy</p><div class="box">  <div #noTrackBy *ngFor="let item of items">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div>  <div id="noTrackByCnt" *ngIf="itemsNoTrackByCount" >    Item DOM elements change #{{ itemsNoTrackByCount }} without trackBy  </div></div><p>with trackBy</p><div class="box">  <div #withTrackBy *ngFor="let item of items; trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div>  <div id="withTrackByCnt" *ngIf="itemsWithTrackByCount">    Item DOM elements change #{{ itemsWithTrackByCount }} with trackBy  </div></div><br><br><br><p>with trackBy and <em>semi-colon</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items; trackBy: trackByItems">    ({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}  </div></div><p>with trackBy and <em>comma</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items, trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with trackBy and <em>space</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with <em>generic</em> trackById function</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items, trackBy: trackById">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><hr><h2>NgSwitch Binding</h2><p>Pick your favorite item</p><div>  <label for="item-{{i}}" *ngFor="let i of items">    <div><input id="item-{{i}}"type="radio" name="items" [(ngModel)]="currentItem" [value]="i">{{ i.name }}    </div>  </label></div><div [ngSwitch]="currentItem.feature">  <app-stout-item    *ngSwitchCase="'stout'"    [item]="currentItem"></app-stout-item>  <app-device-item   *ngSwitchCase="'slim'"     [item]="currentItem"></app-device-item>  <app-lost-item     *ngSwitchCase="'vintage'"  [item]="currentItem"></app-lost-item>  <app-best-item     *ngSwitchCase="'bright'"   [item]="currentItem"></app-best-item>  <div *ngSwitchCase="'bright'">Are you as bright as {{ currentItem.name }}?</div>  <app-unknown-item  *ngSwitchDefault           [item]="currentItem"></app-unknown-item></div>

When the isActive expression returns a truthy value, NgIf adds the ItemDetailComponent to the DOM. When the expression is falsy, NgIf removes the ItemDetailComponent from the DOM and disposes of the component and all of its subcomponents.

For more information on NgIf and NgIfElse, see the NgIf API documentation.

Guarding against `null`

By default, NgIf prevents display of an element bound to a null value.

To use NgIf to guard a <div>, add *ngIf="yourProperty" to the <div>. In the following example, the currentCustomer name appears because there is a currentCustomer.

src/app/app.component.html

      <h1>Built-in Directives</h1><h2>Built-in attribute directives</h2><h3 id="ngModel">NgModel (two-way) Binding</h3><fieldset><h4>NgModel examples</h4>  <p>Current item name: {{ currentItem.name }}</p>  <p>    <label for="without">without NgModel:</label>    <input [value]="currentItem.name" (input)="currentItem.name=getValue($event)" id="without">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-ngModel">[(ngModel)]:</label>    <input [(ngModel)]="currentItem.name" id="example-ngModel">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-change">(ngModelChange)="...name=$event":</label>    <input [ngModel]="currentItem.name" (ngModelChange)="currentItem.name=$event" id="example-change">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-uppercase">(ngModelChange)="setUppercaseName($event)"      <input [ngModel]="currentItem.name" (ngModelChange)="setUppercaseName($event)" id="example-uppercase">    </label>  </p></fieldset><hr><h2 id="ngClass">NgClass Binding</h2><p>currentClasses is {{ currentClasses | json }}</p><div [ngClass]="currentClasses">This div is initially saveable, unchanged, and special.</div><ul>  <li>    <label for="saveable">saveable</label>    <input type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="canSave" id="saveable">  </li>  <li>    <label for="modified">modified:</label>    <input type="checkbox" [value]="!isUnchanged" (change)="isUnchanged=!isUnchanged" id="modified"></li>  <li>    <label for="special">special: <input type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isSpecial" id="special"></label></li></ul><button type="button" (click)="setCurrentClasses()">Refresh currentClasses</button><div [ngClass]="currentClasses">  This div should be {{ canSave ? "": "not"}} saveable,                  {{ isUnchanged ? "unchanged" : "modified" }} and                  {{ isSpecial ? "": "not"}} special after clicking "Refresh".</div><br><br><!-- toggle the "special" class on/off with a property --><div [ngClass]="isSpecial ? 'special' : ''">This div is special</div><div class="helpful study course">Helpful study course</div><div [ngClass]="{'helpful':false, 'study':true, 'course':true}">Study course</div><!-- NgStyle binding --><hr><h3>NgStyle Binding</h3><div [style.font-size]="isSpecial ? 'x-large' : 'smaller'">  This div is x-large or smaller.</div><h4>[ngStyle] binding to currentStyles - CSS property names</h4><p>currentStyles is {{ currentStyles | json }}</p><div [ngStyle]="currentStyles">  This div is initially italic, normal weight, and extra large (24px).</div><br><label for="canSave">italic: <input id="canSave" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="canSave"></label> |<label for="isUnchanged">normal: <input id="isUnchanged" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isUnchanged"></label> |<label for="isSpecial">xlarge: <input id="isSpecial" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isSpecial"></label><button type="button" (click)="setCurrentStyles()">Refresh currentStyles</button><br><br><div [ngStyle]="currentStyles">  This div should be {{ canSave ? "italic": "plain"}},                  {{ isUnchanged ? "normal weight" : "bold" }} and,                  {{ isSpecial ? "extra large": "normal size"}} after clicking "Refresh".</div><hr><h2>Built-in structural directives</h2><h3 id="ngIf">NgIf Binding</h3><div>  <p>If isActive is true, app-item-detail will render: </p>  <app-item-detail *ngIf="isActive" [item]="item"></app-item-detail>  <button type="button" (click)="isActiveToggle()">Toggle app-item-detail</button></div><p>If currentCustomer isn't null, say hello to Laura:</p><div *ngIf="currentCustomer">Hello, {{ currentCustomer.name }}</div><p>nullCustomer is null by default. NgIf guards against null. Give it a value to show it:</p><div *ngIf="nullCustomer">Hello, <span>{{ nullCustomer }}</span></div><button type="button" (click)="giveNullCustomerValue()">Give nullCustomer a value</button><h4>NgIf binding with template (no *)</h4><ng-template [ngIf]="currentItem">Add {{ currentItem.name }} with template</ng-template><hr><h4>Show/hide vs. NgIf</h4><!-- isSpecial is true --><div [class.hidden]="!isSpecial">Show with class</div><div [class.hidden]="isSpecial">Hide with class</div><p>ItemDetail is in the DOM but hidden</p><app-item-detail [class.hidden]="isSpecial"></app-item-detail><div [style.display]="isSpecial ? 'block' : 'none'">Show with style</div><div [style.display]="isSpecial ? 'none'  : 'block'">Hide with style</div><hr><h2 id="ngFor">NgFor Binding</h2><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items">{{ item.name }}</div></div><p>*ngFor with ItemDetailComponent element</p><div class="box">  <app-item-detail *ngFor="let item of items" [item]="item"></app-item-detail></div><h4 id="ngFor-index">*ngFor with index</h4><p>with <em>semi-colon</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items; let i=index">{{ i + 1 }} - {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with <em>comma</em> separator</p><div class="box"> <div *ngFor="let item of items, let i=index">{{ i + 1 }} - {{ item.name }}</div></div><h4 id="ngFor-trackBy">*ngFor trackBy</h4><button type="button" (click)="resetList()">Reset items</button><button type="button" (click)="changeIds()">Change ids</button><button type="button" (click)="clearTrackByCounts()">Clear counts</button><p><em>without</em> trackBy</p><div class="box">  <div #noTrackBy *ngFor="let item of items">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div>  <div id="noTrackByCnt" *ngIf="itemsNoTrackByCount" >    Item DOM elements change #{{ itemsNoTrackByCount }} without trackBy  </div></div><p>with trackBy</p><div class="box">  <div #withTrackBy *ngFor="let item of items; trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div>  <div id="withTrackByCnt" *ngIf="itemsWithTrackByCount">    Item DOM elements change #{{ itemsWithTrackByCount }} with trackBy  </div></div><br><br><br><p>with trackBy and <em>semi-colon</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items; trackBy: trackByItems">    ({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}  </div></div><p>with trackBy and <em>comma</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items, trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with trackBy and <em>space</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with <em>generic</em> trackById function</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items, trackBy: trackById">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><hr><h2>NgSwitch Binding</h2><p>Pick your favorite item</p><div>  <label for="item-{{i}}" *ngFor="let i of items">    <div><input id="item-{{i}}"type="radio" name="items" [(ngModel)]="currentItem" [value]="i">{{ i.name }}    </div>  </label></div><div [ngSwitch]="currentItem.feature">  <app-stout-item    *ngSwitchCase="'stout'"    [item]="currentItem"></app-stout-item>  <app-device-item   *ngSwitchCase="'slim'"     [item]="currentItem"></app-device-item>  <app-lost-item     *ngSwitchCase="'vintage'"  [item]="currentItem"></app-lost-item>  <app-best-item     *ngSwitchCase="'bright'"   [item]="currentItem"></app-best-item>  <div *ngSwitchCase="'bright'">Are you as bright as {{ currentItem.name }}?</div>  <app-unknown-item  *ngSwitchDefault           [item]="currentItem"></app-unknown-item></div>

However, if the property is null, Angular does not display the <div>. In this example, Angular does not display the nullCustomer because it is null.

src/app/app.component.html

      <h1>Built-in Directives</h1><h2>Built-in attribute directives</h2><h3 id="ngModel">NgModel (two-way) Binding</h3><fieldset><h4>NgModel examples</h4>  <p>Current item name: {{ currentItem.name }}</p>  <p>    <label for="without">without NgModel:</label>    <input [value]="currentItem.name" (input)="currentItem.name=getValue($event)" id="without">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-ngModel">[(ngModel)]:</label>    <input [(ngModel)]="currentItem.name" id="example-ngModel">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-change">(ngModelChange)="...name=$event":</label>    <input [ngModel]="currentItem.name" (ngModelChange)="currentItem.name=$event" id="example-change">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-uppercase">(ngModelChange)="setUppercaseName($event)"      <input [ngModel]="currentItem.name" (ngModelChange)="setUppercaseName($event)" id="example-uppercase">    </label>  </p></fieldset><hr><h2 id="ngClass">NgClass Binding</h2><p>currentClasses is {{ currentClasses | json }}</p><div [ngClass]="currentClasses">This div is initially saveable, unchanged, and special.</div><ul>  <li>    <label for="saveable">saveable</label>    <input type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="canSave" id="saveable">  </li>  <li>    <label for="modified">modified:</label>    <input type="checkbox" [value]="!isUnchanged" (change)="isUnchanged=!isUnchanged" id="modified"></li>  <li>    <label for="special">special: <input type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isSpecial" id="special"></label></li></ul><button type="button" (click)="setCurrentClasses()">Refresh currentClasses</button><div [ngClass]="currentClasses">  This div should be {{ canSave ? "": "not"}} saveable,                  {{ isUnchanged ? "unchanged" : "modified" }} and                  {{ isSpecial ? "": "not"}} special after clicking "Refresh".</div><br><br><!-- toggle the "special" class on/off with a property --><div [ngClass]="isSpecial ? 'special' : ''">This div is special</div><div class="helpful study course">Helpful study course</div><div [ngClass]="{'helpful':false, 'study':true, 'course':true}">Study course</div><!-- NgStyle binding --><hr><h3>NgStyle Binding</h3><div [style.font-size]="isSpecial ? 'x-large' : 'smaller'">  This div is x-large or smaller.</div><h4>[ngStyle] binding to currentStyles - CSS property names</h4><p>currentStyles is {{ currentStyles | json }}</p><div [ngStyle]="currentStyles">  This div is initially italic, normal weight, and extra large (24px).</div><br><label for="canSave">italic: <input id="canSave" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="canSave"></label> |<label for="isUnchanged">normal: <input id="isUnchanged" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isUnchanged"></label> |<label for="isSpecial">xlarge: <input id="isSpecial" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isSpecial"></label><button type="button" (click)="setCurrentStyles()">Refresh currentStyles</button><br><br><div [ngStyle]="currentStyles">  This div should be {{ canSave ? "italic": "plain"}},                  {{ isUnchanged ? "normal weight" : "bold" }} and,                  {{ isSpecial ? "extra large": "normal size"}} after clicking "Refresh".</div><hr><h2>Built-in structural directives</h2><h3 id="ngIf">NgIf Binding</h3><div>  <p>If isActive is true, app-item-detail will render: </p>  <app-item-detail *ngIf="isActive" [item]="item"></app-item-detail>  <button type="button" (click)="isActiveToggle()">Toggle app-item-detail</button></div><p>If currentCustomer isn't null, say hello to Laura:</p><div *ngIf="currentCustomer">Hello, {{ currentCustomer.name }}</div><p>nullCustomer is null by default. NgIf guards against null. Give it a value to show it:</p><div *ngIf="nullCustomer">Hello, <span>{{ nullCustomer }}</span></div><button type="button" (click)="giveNullCustomerValue()">Give nullCustomer a value</button><h4>NgIf binding with template (no *)</h4><ng-template [ngIf]="currentItem">Add {{ currentItem.name }} with template</ng-template><hr><h4>Show/hide vs. NgIf</h4><!-- isSpecial is true --><div [class.hidden]="!isSpecial">Show with class</div><div [class.hidden]="isSpecial">Hide with class</div><p>ItemDetail is in the DOM but hidden</p><app-item-detail [class.hidden]="isSpecial"></app-item-detail><div [style.display]="isSpecial ? 'block' : 'none'">Show with style</div><div [style.display]="isSpecial ? 'none'  : 'block'">Hide with style</div><hr><h2 id="ngFor">NgFor Binding</h2><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items">{{ item.name }}</div></div><p>*ngFor with ItemDetailComponent element</p><div class="box">  <app-item-detail *ngFor="let item of items" [item]="item"></app-item-detail></div><h4 id="ngFor-index">*ngFor with index</h4><p>with <em>semi-colon</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items; let i=index">{{ i + 1 }} - {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with <em>comma</em> separator</p><div class="box"> <div *ngFor="let item of items, let i=index">{{ i + 1 }} - {{ item.name }}</div></div><h4 id="ngFor-trackBy">*ngFor trackBy</h4><button type="button" (click)="resetList()">Reset items</button><button type="button" (click)="changeIds()">Change ids</button><button type="button" (click)="clearTrackByCounts()">Clear counts</button><p><em>without</em> trackBy</p><div class="box">  <div #noTrackBy *ngFor="let item of items">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div>  <div id="noTrackByCnt" *ngIf="itemsNoTrackByCount" >    Item DOM elements change #{{ itemsNoTrackByCount }} without trackBy  </div></div><p>with trackBy</p><div class="box">  <div #withTrackBy *ngFor="let item of items; trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div>  <div id="withTrackByCnt" *ngIf="itemsWithTrackByCount">    Item DOM elements change #{{ itemsWithTrackByCount }} with trackBy  </div></div><br><br><br><p>with trackBy and <em>semi-colon</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items; trackBy: trackByItems">    ({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}  </div></div><p>with trackBy and <em>comma</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items, trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with trackBy and <em>space</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with <em>generic</em> trackById function</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items, trackBy: trackById">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><hr><h2>NgSwitch Binding</h2><p>Pick your favorite item</p><div>  <label for="item-{{i}}" *ngFor="let i of items">    <div><input id="item-{{i}}"type="radio" name="items" [(ngModel)]="currentItem" [value]="i">{{ i.name }}    </div>  </label></div><div [ngSwitch]="currentItem.feature">  <app-stout-item    *ngSwitchCase="'stout'"    [item]="currentItem"></app-stout-item>  <app-device-item   *ngSwitchCase="'slim'"     [item]="currentItem"></app-device-item>  <app-lost-item     *ngSwitchCase="'vintage'"  [item]="currentItem"></app-lost-item>  <app-best-item     *ngSwitchCase="'bright'"   [item]="currentItem"></app-best-item>  <div *ngSwitchCase="'bright'">Are you as bright as {{ currentItem.name }}?</div>  <app-unknown-item  *ngSwitchDefault           [item]="currentItem"></app-unknown-item></div>

Listing items with `NgFor`

Use the NgFor directive to present a list of items.

Import `NgFor` in the component

To use NgFor, add it to the component's imports list.

src/app/app.component.ts (NgFor import)

      import {Component, OnInit} from '@angular/core';import {JsonPipe} from '@angular/common';import {NgIf} from '@angular/common';import {NgFor} from '@angular/common';import {NgSwitch, NgSwitchCase, NgSwitchDefault} from '@angular/common';import {NgStyle} from '@angular/common';import {NgClass} from '@angular/common';import {FormsModule} from '@angular/forms';import {Item} from './item';import {ItemDetailComponent} from './item-detail/item-detail.component';import {ItemSwitchComponents} from './item-switch.component';import {StoutItemComponent} from './item-switch.component';@Component({  standalone: true,  selector: 'app-root',  templateUrl: './app.component.html',  styleUrls: ['./app.component.css'],  imports: [    NgIf, // <-- import into the component    NgFor, // <-- import into the component    NgStyle, // <-- import into the component    NgSwitch, // <-- import into the component    NgSwitchCase,    NgSwitchDefault,    NgClass, // <-- import into the component    FormsModule, // <--- import into the component    JsonPipe,    ItemDetailComponent,    ItemSwitchComponents,    StoutItemComponent,  ],})export class AppComponent implements OnInit {  canSave = true;  isSpecial = true;  isUnchanged = true;  isActive = true;  nullCustomer: string | null = null;  currentCustomer = {    name: 'Laura',  };  item!: Item; // defined to demonstrate template context precedence  items: Item[] = [];  currentItem!: Item;  // trackBy change counting  itemsNoTrackByCount = 0;  itemsWithTrackByCount = 0;  itemsWithTrackByCountReset = 0;  itemIdIncrement = 1;  currentClasses: Record<string, boolean> = {};  currentStyles: Record<string, string> = {};  ngOnInit() {    this.resetItems();    this.setCurrentClasses();    this.setCurrentStyles();    this.itemsNoTrackByCount = 0;  }  setUppercaseName(name: string) {    this.currentItem.name = name.toUpperCase();  }  setCurrentClasses() {    // CSS classes: added/removed per current state of component properties    this.currentClasses = {      saveable: this.canSave,      modified: !this.isUnchanged,      special: this.isSpecial,    };  }  setCurrentStyles() {    // CSS styles: set per current state of component properties    this.currentStyles = {      'font-style': this.canSave ? 'italic' : 'normal',      'font-weight': !this.isUnchanged ? 'bold' : 'normal',      'font-size': this.isSpecial ? '24px' : '12px',    };  }  isActiveToggle() {    this.isActive = !this.isActive;  }  giveNullCustomerValue() {    this.nullCustomer = 'Kelly';  }  resetItems() {    this.items = Item.items.map((item) => item.clone());    this.currentItem = this.items[0];    this.item = this.currentItem;  }  resetList() {    this.resetItems();    this.itemsWithTrackByCountReset = 0;    this.itemsNoTrackByCount = ++this.itemsNoTrackByCount;  }  changeIds() {    this.items.forEach((i) => (i.id += 1 * this.itemIdIncrement));    this.itemsWithTrackByCountReset = -1;    this.itemsNoTrackByCount = ++this.itemsNoTrackByCount;    this.itemsWithTrackByCount = ++this.itemsWithTrackByCount;  }  clearTrackByCounts() {    this.resetItems();    this.itemsNoTrackByCount = 0;    this.itemsWithTrackByCount = 0;    this.itemIdIncrement = 1;  }  trackByItems(index: number, item: Item): number {    return item.id;  }  trackById(index: number, item: any): number {    return item.id;  }  getValue(event: Event): string {    return (event.target as HTMLInputElement).value;  }}

Using `NgFor`

To use NgFor, you have to:

Define a block of HTML that determines how Angular renders a single item.
To list your items, assign the shorthand let item of items to *ngFor.

src/app/app.component.html

      <h1>Built-in Directives</h1><h2>Built-in attribute directives</h2><h3 id="ngModel">NgModel (two-way) Binding</h3><fieldset><h4>NgModel examples</h4>  <p>Current item name: {{ currentItem.name }}</p>  <p>    <label for="without">without NgModel:</label>    <input [value]="currentItem.name" (input)="currentItem.name=getValue($event)" id="without">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-ngModel">[(ngModel)]:</label>    <input [(ngModel)]="currentItem.name" id="example-ngModel">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-change">(ngModelChange)="...name=$event":</label>    <input [ngModel]="currentItem.name" (ngModelChange)="currentItem.name=$event" id="example-change">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-uppercase">(ngModelChange)="setUppercaseName($event)"      <input [ngModel]="currentItem.name" (ngModelChange)="setUppercaseName($event)" id="example-uppercase">    </label>  </p></fieldset><hr><h2 id="ngClass">NgClass Binding</h2><p>currentClasses is {{ currentClasses | json }}</p><div [ngClass]="currentClasses">This div is initially saveable, unchanged, and special.</div><ul>  <li>    <label for="saveable">saveable</label>    <input type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="canSave" id="saveable">  </li>  <li>    <label for="modified">modified:</label>    <input type="checkbox" [value]="!isUnchanged" (change)="isUnchanged=!isUnchanged" id="modified"></li>  <li>    <label for="special">special: <input type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isSpecial" id="special"></label></li></ul><button type="button" (click)="setCurrentClasses()">Refresh currentClasses</button><div [ngClass]="currentClasses">  This div should be {{ canSave ? "": "not"}} saveable,                  {{ isUnchanged ? "unchanged" : "modified" }} and                  {{ isSpecial ? "": "not"}} special after clicking "Refresh".</div><br><br><!-- toggle the "special" class on/off with a property --><div [ngClass]="isSpecial ? 'special' : ''">This div is special</div><div class="helpful study course">Helpful study course</div><div [ngClass]="{'helpful':false, 'study':true, 'course':true}">Study course</div><!-- NgStyle binding --><hr><h3>NgStyle Binding</h3><div [style.font-size]="isSpecial ? 'x-large' : 'smaller'">  This div is x-large or smaller.</div><h4>[ngStyle] binding to currentStyles - CSS property names</h4><p>currentStyles is {{ currentStyles | json }}</p><div [ngStyle]="currentStyles">  This div is initially italic, normal weight, and extra large (24px).</div><br><label for="canSave">italic: <input id="canSave" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="canSave"></label> |<label for="isUnchanged">normal: <input id="isUnchanged" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isUnchanged"></label> |<label for="isSpecial">xlarge: <input id="isSpecial" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isSpecial"></label><button type="button" (click)="setCurrentStyles()">Refresh currentStyles</button><br><br><div [ngStyle]="currentStyles">  This div should be {{ canSave ? "italic": "plain"}},                  {{ isUnchanged ? "normal weight" : "bold" }} and,                  {{ isSpecial ? "extra large": "normal size"}} after clicking "Refresh".</div><hr><h2>Built-in structural directives</h2><h3 id="ngIf">NgIf Binding</h3><div>  <p>If isActive is true, app-item-detail will render: </p>  <app-item-detail *ngIf="isActive" [item]="item"></app-item-detail>  <button type="button" (click)="isActiveToggle()">Toggle app-item-detail</button></div><p>If currentCustomer isn't null, say hello to Laura:</p><div *ngIf="currentCustomer">Hello, {{ currentCustomer.name }}</div><p>nullCustomer is null by default. NgIf guards against null. Give it a value to show it:</p><div *ngIf="nullCustomer">Hello, <span>{{ nullCustomer }}</span></div><button type="button" (click)="giveNullCustomerValue()">Give nullCustomer a value</button><h4>NgIf binding with template (no *)</h4><ng-template [ngIf]="currentItem">Add {{ currentItem.name }} with template</ng-template><hr><h4>Show/hide vs. NgIf</h4><!-- isSpecial is true --><div [class.hidden]="!isSpecial">Show with class</div><div [class.hidden]="isSpecial">Hide with class</div><p>ItemDetail is in the DOM but hidden</p><app-item-detail [class.hidden]="isSpecial"></app-item-detail><div [style.display]="isSpecial ? 'block' : 'none'">Show with style</div><div [style.display]="isSpecial ? 'none'  : 'block'">Hide with style</div><hr><h2 id="ngFor">NgFor Binding</h2><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items">{{ item.name }}</div></div><p>*ngFor with ItemDetailComponent element</p><div class="box">  <app-item-detail *ngFor="let item of items" [item]="item"></app-item-detail></div><h4 id="ngFor-index">*ngFor with index</h4><p>with <em>semi-colon</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items; let i=index">{{ i + 1 }} - {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with <em>comma</em> separator</p><div class="box"> <div *ngFor="let item of items, let i=index">{{ i + 1 }} - {{ item.name }}</div></div><h4 id="ngFor-trackBy">*ngFor trackBy</h4><button type="button" (click)="resetList()">Reset items</button><button type="button" (click)="changeIds()">Change ids</button><button type="button" (click)="clearTrackByCounts()">Clear counts</button><p><em>without</em> trackBy</p><div class="box">  <div #noTrackBy *ngFor="let item of items">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div>  <div id="noTrackByCnt" *ngIf="itemsNoTrackByCount" >    Item DOM elements change #{{ itemsNoTrackByCount }} without trackBy  </div></div><p>with trackBy</p><div class="box">  <div #withTrackBy *ngFor="let item of items; trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div>  <div id="withTrackByCnt" *ngIf="itemsWithTrackByCount">    Item DOM elements change #{{ itemsWithTrackByCount }} with trackBy  </div></div><br><br><br><p>with trackBy and <em>semi-colon</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items; trackBy: trackByItems">    ({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}  </div></div><p>with trackBy and <em>comma</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items, trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with trackBy and <em>space</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with <em>generic</em> trackById function</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items, trackBy: trackById">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><hr><h2>NgSwitch Binding</h2><p>Pick your favorite item</p><div>  <label for="item-{{i}}" *ngFor="let i of items">    <div><input id="item-{{i}}"type="radio" name="items" [(ngModel)]="currentItem" [value]="i">{{ i.name }}    </div>  </label></div><div [ngSwitch]="currentItem.feature">  <app-stout-item    *ngSwitchCase="'stout'"    [item]="currentItem"></app-stout-item>  <app-device-item   *ngSwitchCase="'slim'"     [item]="currentItem"></app-device-item>  <app-lost-item     *ngSwitchCase="'vintage'"  [item]="currentItem"></app-lost-item>  <app-best-item     *ngSwitchCase="'bright'"   [item]="currentItem"></app-best-item>  <div *ngSwitchCase="'bright'">Are you as bright as {{ currentItem.name }}?</div>  <app-unknown-item  *ngSwitchDefault           [item]="currentItem"></app-unknown-item></div>

The string "let item of items" instructs Angular to do the following:

Store each item in the items array in the local item looping variable
Make each item available to the templated HTML for each iteration
Translate "let item of items" into an <ng-template> around the host element
Repeat the <ng-template> for each item in the list

For more information see the Structural directive shorthand section of Structural directives.

Repeating a component view

To repeat a component element, apply *ngFor to the selector. In the following example, the selector is <app-item-detail>.

src/app/app.component.html

      <h1>Built-in Directives</h1><h2>Built-in attribute directives</h2><h3 id="ngModel">NgModel (two-way) Binding</h3><fieldset><h4>NgModel examples</h4>  <p>Current item name: {{ currentItem.name }}</p>  <p>    <label for="without">without NgModel:</label>    <input [value]="currentItem.name" (input)="currentItem.name=getValue($event)" id="without">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-ngModel">[(ngModel)]:</label>    <input [(ngModel)]="currentItem.name" id="example-ngModel">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-change">(ngModelChange)="...name=$event":</label>    <input [ngModel]="currentItem.name" (ngModelChange)="currentItem.name=$event" id="example-change">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-uppercase">(ngModelChange)="setUppercaseName($event)"      <input [ngModel]="currentItem.name" (ngModelChange)="setUppercaseName($event)" id="example-uppercase">    </label>  </p></fieldset><hr><h2 id="ngClass">NgClass Binding</h2><p>currentClasses is {{ currentClasses | json }}</p><div [ngClass]="currentClasses">This div is initially saveable, unchanged, and special.</div><ul>  <li>    <label for="saveable">saveable</label>    <input type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="canSave" id="saveable">  </li>  <li>    <label for="modified">modified:</label>    <input type="checkbox" [value]="!isUnchanged" (change)="isUnchanged=!isUnchanged" id="modified"></li>  <li>    <label for="special">special: <input type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isSpecial" id="special"></label></li></ul><button type="button" (click)="setCurrentClasses()">Refresh currentClasses</button><div [ngClass]="currentClasses">  This div should be {{ canSave ? "": "not"}} saveable,                  {{ isUnchanged ? "unchanged" : "modified" }} and                  {{ isSpecial ? "": "not"}} special after clicking "Refresh".</div><br><br><!-- toggle the "special" class on/off with a property --><div [ngClass]="isSpecial ? 'special' : ''">This div is special</div><div class="helpful study course">Helpful study course</div><div [ngClass]="{'helpful':false, 'study':true, 'course':true}">Study course</div><!-- NgStyle binding --><hr><h3>NgStyle Binding</h3><div [style.font-size]="isSpecial ? 'x-large' : 'smaller'">  This div is x-large or smaller.</div><h4>[ngStyle] binding to currentStyles - CSS property names</h4><p>currentStyles is {{ currentStyles | json }}</p><div [ngStyle]="currentStyles">  This div is initially italic, normal weight, and extra large (24px).</div><br><label for="canSave">italic: <input id="canSave" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="canSave"></label> |<label for="isUnchanged">normal: <input id="isUnchanged" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isUnchanged"></label> |<label for="isSpecial">xlarge: <input id="isSpecial" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isSpecial"></label><button type="button" (click)="setCurrentStyles()">Refresh currentStyles</button><br><br><div [ngStyle]="currentStyles">  This div should be {{ canSave ? "italic": "plain"}},                  {{ isUnchanged ? "normal weight" : "bold" }} and,                  {{ isSpecial ? "extra large": "normal size"}} after clicking "Refresh".</div><hr><h2>Built-in structural directives</h2><h3 id="ngIf">NgIf Binding</h3><div>  <p>If isActive is true, app-item-detail will render: </p>  <app-item-detail *ngIf="isActive" [item]="item"></app-item-detail>  <button type="button" (click)="isActiveToggle()">Toggle app-item-detail</button></div><p>If currentCustomer isn't null, say hello to Laura:</p><div *ngIf="currentCustomer">Hello, {{ currentCustomer.name }}</div><p>nullCustomer is null by default. NgIf guards against null. Give it a value to show it:</p><div *ngIf="nullCustomer">Hello, <span>{{ nullCustomer }}</span></div><button type="button" (click)="giveNullCustomerValue()">Give nullCustomer a value</button><h4>NgIf binding with template (no *)</h4><ng-template [ngIf]="currentItem">Add {{ currentItem.name }} with template</ng-template><hr><h4>Show/hide vs. NgIf</h4><!-- isSpecial is true --><div [class.hidden]="!isSpecial">Show with class</div><div [class.hidden]="isSpecial">Hide with class</div><p>ItemDetail is in the DOM but hidden</p><app-item-detail [class.hidden]="isSpecial"></app-item-detail><div [style.display]="isSpecial ? 'block' : 'none'">Show with style</div><div [style.display]="isSpecial ? 'none'  : 'block'">Hide with style</div><hr><h2 id="ngFor">NgFor Binding</h2><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items">{{ item.name }}</div></div><p>*ngFor with ItemDetailComponent element</p><div class="box">  <app-item-detail *ngFor="let item of items" [item]="item"></app-item-detail></div><h4 id="ngFor-index">*ngFor with index</h4><p>with <em>semi-colon</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items; let i=index">{{ i + 1 }} - {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with <em>comma</em> separator</p><div class="box"> <div *ngFor="let item of items, let i=index">{{ i + 1 }} - {{ item.name }}</div></div><h4 id="ngFor-trackBy">*ngFor trackBy</h4><button type="button" (click)="resetList()">Reset items</button><button type="button" (click)="changeIds()">Change ids</button><button type="button" (click)="clearTrackByCounts()">Clear counts</button><p><em>without</em> trackBy</p><div class="box">  <div #noTrackBy *ngFor="let item of items">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div>  <div id="noTrackByCnt" *ngIf="itemsNoTrackByCount" >    Item DOM elements change #{{ itemsNoTrackByCount }} without trackBy  </div></div><p>with trackBy</p><div class="box">  <div #withTrackBy *ngFor="let item of items; trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div>  <div id="withTrackByCnt" *ngIf="itemsWithTrackByCount">    Item DOM elements change #{{ itemsWithTrackByCount }} with trackBy  </div></div><br><br><br><p>with trackBy and <em>semi-colon</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items; trackBy: trackByItems">    ({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}  </div></div><p>with trackBy and <em>comma</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items, trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with trackBy and <em>space</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with <em>generic</em> trackById function</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items, trackBy: trackById">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><hr><h2>NgSwitch Binding</h2><p>Pick your favorite item</p><div>  <label for="item-{{i}}" *ngFor="let i of items">    <div><input id="item-{{i}}"type="radio" name="items" [(ngModel)]="currentItem" [value]="i">{{ i.name }}    </div>  </label></div><div [ngSwitch]="currentItem.feature">  <app-stout-item    *ngSwitchCase="'stout'"    [item]="currentItem"></app-stout-item>  <app-device-item   *ngSwitchCase="'slim'"     [item]="currentItem"></app-device-item>  <app-lost-item     *ngSwitchCase="'vintage'"  [item]="currentItem"></app-lost-item>  <app-best-item     *ngSwitchCase="'bright'"   [item]="currentItem"></app-best-item>  <div *ngSwitchCase="'bright'">Are you as bright as {{ currentItem.name }}?</div>  <app-unknown-item  *ngSwitchDefault           [item]="currentItem"></app-unknown-item></div>

Reference a template input variable, such as item, in the following locations:

Within the ngFor host element
Within the host element descendants to access the item's properties

The following example references item first in an interpolation and then passes in a binding to the item property of the <app-item-detail> component.

src/app/app.component.html

      <h1>Built-in Directives</h1><h2>Built-in attribute directives</h2><h3 id="ngModel">NgModel (two-way) Binding</h3><fieldset><h4>NgModel examples</h4>  <p>Current item name: {{ currentItem.name }}</p>  <p>    <label for="without">without NgModel:</label>    <input [value]="currentItem.name" (input)="currentItem.name=getValue($event)" id="without">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-ngModel">[(ngModel)]:</label>    <input [(ngModel)]="currentItem.name" id="example-ngModel">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-change">(ngModelChange)="...name=$event":</label>    <input [ngModel]="currentItem.name" (ngModelChange)="currentItem.name=$event" id="example-change">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-uppercase">(ngModelChange)="setUppercaseName($event)"      <input [ngModel]="currentItem.name" (ngModelChange)="setUppercaseName($event)" id="example-uppercase">    </label>  </p></fieldset><hr><h2 id="ngClass">NgClass Binding</h2><p>currentClasses is {{ currentClasses | json }}</p><div [ngClass]="currentClasses">This div is initially saveable, unchanged, and special.</div><ul>  <li>    <label for="saveable">saveable</label>    <input type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="canSave" id="saveable">  </li>  <li>    <label for="modified">modified:</label>    <input type="checkbox" [value]="!isUnchanged" (change)="isUnchanged=!isUnchanged" id="modified"></li>  <li>    <label for="special">special: <input type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isSpecial" id="special"></label></li></ul><button type="button" (click)="setCurrentClasses()">Refresh currentClasses</button><div [ngClass]="currentClasses">  This div should be {{ canSave ? "": "not"}} saveable,                  {{ isUnchanged ? "unchanged" : "modified" }} and                  {{ isSpecial ? "": "not"}} special after clicking "Refresh".</div><br><br><!-- toggle the "special" class on/off with a property --><div [ngClass]="isSpecial ? 'special' : ''">This div is special</div><div class="helpful study course">Helpful study course</div><div [ngClass]="{'helpful':false, 'study':true, 'course':true}">Study course</div><!-- NgStyle binding --><hr><h3>NgStyle Binding</h3><div [style.font-size]="isSpecial ? 'x-large' : 'smaller'">  This div is x-large or smaller.</div><h4>[ngStyle] binding to currentStyles - CSS property names</h4><p>currentStyles is {{ currentStyles | json }}</p><div [ngStyle]="currentStyles">  This div is initially italic, normal weight, and extra large (24px).</div><br><label for="canSave">italic: <input id="canSave" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="canSave"></label> |<label for="isUnchanged">normal: <input id="isUnchanged" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isUnchanged"></label> |<label for="isSpecial">xlarge: <input id="isSpecial" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isSpecial"></label><button type="button" (click)="setCurrentStyles()">Refresh currentStyles</button><br><br><div [ngStyle]="currentStyles">  This div should be {{ canSave ? "italic": "plain"}},                  {{ isUnchanged ? "normal weight" : "bold" }} and,                  {{ isSpecial ? "extra large": "normal size"}} after clicking "Refresh".</div><hr><h2>Built-in structural directives</h2><h3 id="ngIf">NgIf Binding</h3><div>  <p>If isActive is true, app-item-detail will render: </p>  <app-item-detail *ngIf="isActive" [item]="item"></app-item-detail>  <button type="button" (click)="isActiveToggle()">Toggle app-item-detail</button></div><p>If currentCustomer isn't null, say hello to Laura:</p><div *ngIf="currentCustomer">Hello, {{ currentCustomer.name }}</div><p>nullCustomer is null by default. NgIf guards against null. Give it a value to show it:</p><div *ngIf="nullCustomer">Hello, <span>{{ nullCustomer }}</span></div><button type="button" (click)="giveNullCustomerValue()">Give nullCustomer a value</button><h4>NgIf binding with template (no *)</h4><ng-template [ngIf]="currentItem">Add {{ currentItem.name }} with template</ng-template><hr><h4>Show/hide vs. NgIf</h4><!-- isSpecial is true --><div [class.hidden]="!isSpecial">Show with class</div><div [class.hidden]="isSpecial">Hide with class</div><p>ItemDetail is in the DOM but hidden</p><app-item-detail [class.hidden]="isSpecial"></app-item-detail><div [style.display]="isSpecial ? 'block' : 'none'">Show with style</div><div [style.display]="isSpecial ? 'none'  : 'block'">Hide with style</div><hr><h2 id="ngFor">NgFor Binding</h2><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items">{{ item.name }}</div></div><p>*ngFor with ItemDetailComponent element</p><div class="box">  <app-item-detail *ngFor="let item of items" [item]="item"></app-item-detail></div><h4 id="ngFor-index">*ngFor with index</h4><p>with <em>semi-colon</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items; let i=index">{{ i + 1 }} - {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with <em>comma</em> separator</p><div class="box"> <div *ngFor="let item of items, let i=index">{{ i + 1 }} - {{ item.name }}</div></div><h4 id="ngFor-trackBy">*ngFor trackBy</h4><button type="button" (click)="resetList()">Reset items</button><button type="button" (click)="changeIds()">Change ids</button><button type="button" (click)="clearTrackByCounts()">Clear counts</button><p><em>without</em> trackBy</p><div class="box">  <div #noTrackBy *ngFor="let item of items">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div>  <div id="noTrackByCnt" *ngIf="itemsNoTrackByCount" >    Item DOM elements change #{{ itemsNoTrackByCount }} without trackBy  </div></div><p>with trackBy</p><div class="box">  <div #withTrackBy *ngFor="let item of items; trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div>  <div id="withTrackByCnt" *ngIf="itemsWithTrackByCount">    Item DOM elements change #{{ itemsWithTrackByCount }} with trackBy  </div></div><br><br><br><p>with trackBy and <em>semi-colon</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items; trackBy: trackByItems">    ({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}  </div></div><p>with trackBy and <em>comma</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items, trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with trackBy and <em>space</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with <em>generic</em> trackById function</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items, trackBy: trackById">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><hr><h2>NgSwitch Binding</h2><p>Pick your favorite item</p><div>  <label for="item-{{i}}" *ngFor="let i of items">    <div><input id="item-{{i}}"type="radio" name="items" [(ngModel)]="currentItem" [value]="i">{{ i.name }}    </div>  </label></div><div [ngSwitch]="currentItem.feature">  <app-stout-item    *ngSwitchCase="'stout'"    [item]="currentItem"></app-stout-item>  <app-device-item   *ngSwitchCase="'slim'"     [item]="currentItem"></app-device-item>  <app-lost-item     *ngSwitchCase="'vintage'"  [item]="currentItem"></app-lost-item>  <app-best-item     *ngSwitchCase="'bright'"   [item]="currentItem"></app-best-item>  <div *ngSwitchCase="'bright'">Are you as bright as {{ currentItem.name }}?</div>  <app-unknown-item  *ngSwitchDefault           [item]="currentItem"></app-unknown-item></div>

For more information about template input variables, see Structural directive shorthand.

Getting the `index` of `*ngFor`

Get the index of *ngFor in a template input variable and use it in the template.

In the *ngFor, add a semicolon and let i=index to the shorthand. The following example gets the index in a variable named i and displays it with the item name.

src/app/app.component.html

      <h1>Built-in Directives</h1><h2>Built-in attribute directives</h2><h3 id="ngModel">NgModel (two-way) Binding</h3><fieldset><h4>NgModel examples</h4>  <p>Current item name: {{ currentItem.name }}</p>  <p>    <label for="without">without NgModel:</label>    <input [value]="currentItem.name" (input)="currentItem.name=getValue($event)" id="without">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-ngModel">[(ngModel)]:</label>    <input [(ngModel)]="currentItem.name" id="example-ngModel">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-change">(ngModelChange)="...name=$event":</label>    <input [ngModel]="currentItem.name" (ngModelChange)="currentItem.name=$event" id="example-change">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-uppercase">(ngModelChange)="setUppercaseName($event)"      <input [ngModel]="currentItem.name" (ngModelChange)="setUppercaseName($event)" id="example-uppercase">    </label>  </p></fieldset><hr><h2 id="ngClass">NgClass Binding</h2><p>currentClasses is {{ currentClasses | json }}</p><div [ngClass]="currentClasses">This div is initially saveable, unchanged, and special.</div><ul>  <li>    <label for="saveable">saveable</label>    <input type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="canSave" id="saveable">  </li>  <li>    <label for="modified">modified:</label>    <input type="checkbox" [value]="!isUnchanged" (change)="isUnchanged=!isUnchanged" id="modified"></li>  <li>    <label for="special">special: <input type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isSpecial" id="special"></label></li></ul><button type="button" (click)="setCurrentClasses()">Refresh currentClasses</button><div [ngClass]="currentClasses">  This div should be {{ canSave ? "": "not"}} saveable,                  {{ isUnchanged ? "unchanged" : "modified" }} and                  {{ isSpecial ? "": "not"}} special after clicking "Refresh".</div><br><br><!-- toggle the "special" class on/off with a property --><div [ngClass]="isSpecial ? 'special' : ''">This div is special</div><div class="helpful study course">Helpful study course</div><div [ngClass]="{'helpful':false, 'study':true, 'course':true}">Study course</div><!-- NgStyle binding --><hr><h3>NgStyle Binding</h3><div [style.font-size]="isSpecial ? 'x-large' : 'smaller'">  This div is x-large or smaller.</div><h4>[ngStyle] binding to currentStyles - CSS property names</h4><p>currentStyles is {{ currentStyles | json }}</p><div [ngStyle]="currentStyles">  This div is initially italic, normal weight, and extra large (24px).</div><br><label for="canSave">italic: <input id="canSave" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="canSave"></label> |<label for="isUnchanged">normal: <input id="isUnchanged" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isUnchanged"></label> |<label for="isSpecial">xlarge: <input id="isSpecial" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isSpecial"></label><button type="button" (click)="setCurrentStyles()">Refresh currentStyles</button><br><br><div [ngStyle]="currentStyles">  This div should be {{ canSave ? "italic": "plain"}},                  {{ isUnchanged ? "normal weight" : "bold" }} and,                  {{ isSpecial ? "extra large": "normal size"}} after clicking "Refresh".</div><hr><h2>Built-in structural directives</h2><h3 id="ngIf">NgIf Binding</h3><div>  <p>If isActive is true, app-item-detail will render: </p>  <app-item-detail *ngIf="isActive" [item]="item"></app-item-detail>  <button type="button" (click)="isActiveToggle()">Toggle app-item-detail</button></div><p>If currentCustomer isn't null, say hello to Laura:</p><div *ngIf="currentCustomer">Hello, {{ currentCustomer.name }}</div><p>nullCustomer is null by default. NgIf guards against null. Give it a value to show it:</p><div *ngIf="nullCustomer">Hello, <span>{{ nullCustomer }}</span></div><button type="button" (click)="giveNullCustomerValue()">Give nullCustomer a value</button><h4>NgIf binding with template (no *)</h4><ng-template [ngIf]="currentItem">Add {{ currentItem.name }} with template</ng-template><hr><h4>Show/hide vs. NgIf</h4><!-- isSpecial is true --><div [class.hidden]="!isSpecial">Show with class</div><div [class.hidden]="isSpecial">Hide with class</div><p>ItemDetail is in the DOM but hidden</p><app-item-detail [class.hidden]="isSpecial"></app-item-detail><div [style.display]="isSpecial ? 'block' : 'none'">Show with style</div><div [style.display]="isSpecial ? 'none'  : 'block'">Hide with style</div><hr><h2 id="ngFor">NgFor Binding</h2><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items">{{ item.name }}</div></div><p>*ngFor with ItemDetailComponent element</p><div class="box">  <app-item-detail *ngFor="let item of items" [item]="item"></app-item-detail></div><h4 id="ngFor-index">*ngFor with index</h4><p>with <em>semi-colon</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items; let i=index">{{ i + 1 }} - {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with <em>comma</em> separator</p><div class="box"> <div *ngFor="let item of items, let i=index">{{ i + 1 }} - {{ item.name }}</div></div><h4 id="ngFor-trackBy">*ngFor trackBy</h4><button type="button" (click)="resetList()">Reset items</button><button type="button" (click)="changeIds()">Change ids</button><button type="button" (click)="clearTrackByCounts()">Clear counts</button><p><em>without</em> trackBy</p><div class="box">  <div #noTrackBy *ngFor="let item of items">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div>  <div id="noTrackByCnt" *ngIf="itemsNoTrackByCount" >    Item DOM elements change #{{ itemsNoTrackByCount }} without trackBy  </div></div><p>with trackBy</p><div class="box">  <div #withTrackBy *ngFor="let item of items; trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div>  <div id="withTrackByCnt" *ngIf="itemsWithTrackByCount">    Item DOM elements change #{{ itemsWithTrackByCount }} with trackBy  </div></div><br><br><br><p>with trackBy and <em>semi-colon</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items; trackBy: trackByItems">    ({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}  </div></div><p>with trackBy and <em>comma</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items, trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with trackBy and <em>space</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with <em>generic</em> trackById function</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items, trackBy: trackById">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><hr><h2>NgSwitch Binding</h2><p>Pick your favorite item</p><div>  <label for="item-{{i}}" *ngFor="let i of items">    <div><input id="item-{{i}}"type="radio" name="items" [(ngModel)]="currentItem" [value]="i">{{ i.name }}    </div>  </label></div><div [ngSwitch]="currentItem.feature">  <app-stout-item    *ngSwitchCase="'stout'"    [item]="currentItem"></app-stout-item>  <app-device-item   *ngSwitchCase="'slim'"     [item]="currentItem"></app-device-item>  <app-lost-item     *ngSwitchCase="'vintage'"  [item]="currentItem"></app-lost-item>  <app-best-item     *ngSwitchCase="'bright'"   [item]="currentItem"></app-best-item>  <div *ngSwitchCase="'bright'">Are you as bright as {{ currentItem.name }}?</div>  <app-unknown-item  *ngSwitchDefault           [item]="currentItem"></app-unknown-item></div>

The index property of the NgFor directive context returns the zero-based index of the item in each iteration.

Angular translates this instruction into an <ng-template> around the host element, then uses this template repeatedly to create a new set of elements and bindings for each item in the list. For more information about shorthand, see the Structural Directives guide.

Repeating elements when a condition is true

To repeat a block of HTML when a particular condition is true, put the *ngIf on a container element that wraps an *ngFor element.

For more information see one structural directive per element.

Tracking items with `*ngFor` `trackBy`

Reduce the number of calls your application makes to the server by tracking changes to an item list. With the *ngFor trackBy property, Angular can change and re-render only those items that have changed, rather than reloading the entire list of items.

Add a method to the component that returns the value NgFor should track. In this example, the value to track is the item's id. If the browser has already rendered id, Angular keeps track of it and doesn't re-query the server for the same id.

src/app/app.component.ts

      import {Component, OnInit} from '@angular/core';import {JsonPipe} from '@angular/common';import {NgIf} from '@angular/common';import {NgFor} from '@angular/common';import {NgSwitch, NgSwitchCase, NgSwitchDefault} from '@angular/common';import {NgStyle} from '@angular/common';import {NgClass} from '@angular/common';import {FormsModule} from '@angular/forms';import {Item} from './item';import {ItemDetailComponent} from './item-detail/item-detail.component';import {ItemSwitchComponents} from './item-switch.component';import {StoutItemComponent} from './item-switch.component';@Component({  standalone: true,  selector: 'app-root',  templateUrl: './app.component.html',  styleUrls: ['./app.component.css'],  imports: [    NgIf, // <-- import into the component    NgFor, // <-- import into the component    NgStyle, // <-- import into the component    NgSwitch, // <-- import into the component    NgSwitchCase,    NgSwitchDefault,    NgClass, // <-- import into the component    FormsModule, // <--- import into the component    JsonPipe,    ItemDetailComponent,    ItemSwitchComponents,    StoutItemComponent,  ],})export class AppComponent implements OnInit {  canSave = true;  isSpecial = true;  isUnchanged = true;  isActive = true;  nullCustomer: string | null = null;  currentCustomer = {    name: 'Laura',  };  item!: Item; // defined to demonstrate template context precedence  items: Item[] = [];  currentItem!: Item;  // trackBy change counting  itemsNoTrackByCount = 0;  itemsWithTrackByCount = 0;  itemsWithTrackByCountReset = 0;  itemIdIncrement = 1;  currentClasses: Record<string, boolean> = {};  currentStyles: Record<string, string> = {};  ngOnInit() {    this.resetItems();    this.setCurrentClasses();    this.setCurrentStyles();    this.itemsNoTrackByCount = 0;  }  setUppercaseName(name: string) {    this.currentItem.name = name.toUpperCase();  }  setCurrentClasses() {    // CSS classes: added/removed per current state of component properties    this.currentClasses = {      saveable: this.canSave,      modified: !this.isUnchanged,      special: this.isSpecial,    };  }  setCurrentStyles() {    // CSS styles: set per current state of component properties    this.currentStyles = {      'font-style': this.canSave ? 'italic' : 'normal',      'font-weight': !this.isUnchanged ? 'bold' : 'normal',      'font-size': this.isSpecial ? '24px' : '12px',    };  }  isActiveToggle() {    this.isActive = !this.isActive;  }  giveNullCustomerValue() {    this.nullCustomer = 'Kelly';  }  resetItems() {    this.items = Item.items.map((item) => item.clone());    this.currentItem = this.items[0];    this.item = this.currentItem;  }  resetList() {    this.resetItems();    this.itemsWithTrackByCountReset = 0;    this.itemsNoTrackByCount = ++this.itemsNoTrackByCount;  }  changeIds() {    this.items.forEach((i) => (i.id += 1 * this.itemIdIncrement));    this.itemsWithTrackByCountReset = -1;    this.itemsNoTrackByCount = ++this.itemsNoTrackByCount;    this.itemsWithTrackByCount = ++this.itemsWithTrackByCount;  }  clearTrackByCounts() {    this.resetItems();    this.itemsNoTrackByCount = 0;    this.itemsWithTrackByCount = 0;    this.itemIdIncrement = 1;  }  trackByItems(index: number, item: Item): number {    return item.id;  }  trackById(index: number, item: any): number {    return item.id;  }  getValue(event: Event): string {    return (event.target as HTMLInputElement).value;  }}

In the shorthand expression, set trackBy to the trackByItems() method.

src/app/app.component.html

      <h1>Built-in Directives</h1><h2>Built-in attribute directives</h2><h3 id="ngModel">NgModel (two-way) Binding</h3><fieldset><h4>NgModel examples</h4>  <p>Current item name: {{ currentItem.name }}</p>  <p>    <label for="without">without NgModel:</label>    <input [value]="currentItem.name" (input)="currentItem.name=getValue($event)" id="without">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-ngModel">[(ngModel)]:</label>    <input [(ngModel)]="currentItem.name" id="example-ngModel">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-change">(ngModelChange)="...name=$event":</label>    <input [ngModel]="currentItem.name" (ngModelChange)="currentItem.name=$event" id="example-change">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-uppercase">(ngModelChange)="setUppercaseName($event)"      <input [ngModel]="currentItem.name" (ngModelChange)="setUppercaseName($event)" id="example-uppercase">    </label>  </p></fieldset><hr><h2 id="ngClass">NgClass Binding</h2><p>currentClasses is {{ currentClasses | json }}</p><div [ngClass]="currentClasses">This div is initially saveable, unchanged, and special.</div><ul>  <li>    <label for="saveable">saveable</label>    <input type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="canSave" id="saveable">  </li>  <li>    <label for="modified">modified:</label>    <input type="checkbox" [value]="!isUnchanged" (change)="isUnchanged=!isUnchanged" id="modified"></li>  <li>    <label for="special">special: <input type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isSpecial" id="special"></label></li></ul><button type="button" (click)="setCurrentClasses()">Refresh currentClasses</button><div [ngClass]="currentClasses">  This div should be {{ canSave ? "": "not"}} saveable,                  {{ isUnchanged ? "unchanged" : "modified" }} and                  {{ isSpecial ? "": "not"}} special after clicking "Refresh".</div><br><br><!-- toggle the "special" class on/off with a property --><div [ngClass]="isSpecial ? 'special' : ''">This div is special</div><div class="helpful study course">Helpful study course</div><div [ngClass]="{'helpful':false, 'study':true, 'course':true}">Study course</div><!-- NgStyle binding --><hr><h3>NgStyle Binding</h3><div [style.font-size]="isSpecial ? 'x-large' : 'smaller'">  This div is x-large or smaller.</div><h4>[ngStyle] binding to currentStyles - CSS property names</h4><p>currentStyles is {{ currentStyles | json }}</p><div [ngStyle]="currentStyles">  This div is initially italic, normal weight, and extra large (24px).</div><br><label for="canSave">italic: <input id="canSave" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="canSave"></label> |<label for="isUnchanged">normal: <input id="isUnchanged" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isUnchanged"></label> |<label for="isSpecial">xlarge: <input id="isSpecial" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isSpecial"></label><button type="button" (click)="setCurrentStyles()">Refresh currentStyles</button><br><br><div [ngStyle]="currentStyles">  This div should be {{ canSave ? "italic": "plain"}},                  {{ isUnchanged ? "normal weight" : "bold" }} and,                  {{ isSpecial ? "extra large": "normal size"}} after clicking "Refresh".</div><hr><h2>Built-in structural directives</h2><h3 id="ngIf">NgIf Binding</h3><div>  <p>If isActive is true, app-item-detail will render: </p>  <app-item-detail *ngIf="isActive" [item]="item"></app-item-detail>  <button type="button" (click)="isActiveToggle()">Toggle app-item-detail</button></div><p>If currentCustomer isn't null, say hello to Laura:</p><div *ngIf="currentCustomer">Hello, {{ currentCustomer.name }}</div><p>nullCustomer is null by default. NgIf guards against null. Give it a value to show it:</p><div *ngIf="nullCustomer">Hello, <span>{{ nullCustomer }}</span></div><button type="button" (click)="giveNullCustomerValue()">Give nullCustomer a value</button><h4>NgIf binding with template (no *)</h4><ng-template [ngIf]="currentItem">Add {{ currentItem.name }} with template</ng-template><hr><h4>Show/hide vs. NgIf</h4><!-- isSpecial is true --><div [class.hidden]="!isSpecial">Show with class</div><div [class.hidden]="isSpecial">Hide with class</div><p>ItemDetail is in the DOM but hidden</p><app-item-detail [class.hidden]="isSpecial"></app-item-detail><div [style.display]="isSpecial ? 'block' : 'none'">Show with style</div><div [style.display]="isSpecial ? 'none'  : 'block'">Hide with style</div><hr><h2 id="ngFor">NgFor Binding</h2><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items">{{ item.name }}</div></div><p>*ngFor with ItemDetailComponent element</p><div class="box">  <app-item-detail *ngFor="let item of items" [item]="item"></app-item-detail></div><h4 id="ngFor-index">*ngFor with index</h4><p>with <em>semi-colon</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items; let i=index">{{ i + 1 }} - {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with <em>comma</em> separator</p><div class="box"> <div *ngFor="let item of items, let i=index">{{ i + 1 }} - {{ item.name }}</div></div><h4 id="ngFor-trackBy">*ngFor trackBy</h4><button type="button" (click)="resetList()">Reset items</button><button type="button" (click)="changeIds()">Change ids</button><button type="button" (click)="clearTrackByCounts()">Clear counts</button><p><em>without</em> trackBy</p><div class="box">  <div #noTrackBy *ngFor="let item of items">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div>  <div id="noTrackByCnt" *ngIf="itemsNoTrackByCount" >    Item DOM elements change #{{ itemsNoTrackByCount }} without trackBy  </div></div><p>with trackBy</p><div class="box">  <div #withTrackBy *ngFor="let item of items; trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div>  <div id="withTrackByCnt" *ngIf="itemsWithTrackByCount">    Item DOM elements change #{{ itemsWithTrackByCount }} with trackBy  </div></div><br><br><br><p>with trackBy and <em>semi-colon</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items; trackBy: trackByItems">    ({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}  </div></div><p>with trackBy and <em>comma</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items, trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with trackBy and <em>space</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with <em>generic</em> trackById function</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items, trackBy: trackById">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><hr><h2>NgSwitch Binding</h2><p>Pick your favorite item</p><div>  <label for="item-{{i}}" *ngFor="let i of items">    <div><input id="item-{{i}}"type="radio" name="items" [(ngModel)]="currentItem" [value]="i">{{ i.name }}    </div>  </label></div><div [ngSwitch]="currentItem.feature">  <app-stout-item    *ngSwitchCase="'stout'"    [item]="currentItem"></app-stout-item>  <app-device-item   *ngSwitchCase="'slim'"     [item]="currentItem"></app-device-item>  <app-lost-item     *ngSwitchCase="'vintage'"  [item]="currentItem"></app-lost-item>  <app-best-item     *ngSwitchCase="'bright'"   [item]="currentItem"></app-best-item>  <div *ngSwitchCase="'bright'">Are you as bright as {{ currentItem.name }}?</div>  <app-unknown-item  *ngSwitchDefault           [item]="currentItem"></app-unknown-item></div>

Change ids creates new items with new item.ids. In the following illustration of the trackBy effect, Reset items creates new items with the same item.ids.

With no trackBy, both buttons trigger complete DOM element replacement.
With trackBy, only changing the id triggers element replacement.

Hosting a directive without a DOM element

The Angular <ng-container> is a grouping element that doesn't interfere with styles or layout because Angular doesn't put it in the DOM.

Use <ng-container> when there's no single element to host the directive.

Here's a conditional paragraph using <ng-container>.

src/app/app.component.html (ngif-ngcontainer)

      <h1>Structural Directives</h1><p>Conditional display of hero</p><blockquote><div *ngIf="hero" class="name">{{hero.name}}</div></blockquote><p>List of heroes</p><ul>  <li *ngFor="let hero of heroes">{{hero.name}}</li></ul><hr><h2 id="ngIf">NgIf</h2><p *ngIf="true">  Expression is true and ngIf is true.  This paragraph is in the DOM.</p><p *ngIf="false">  Expression is false and ngIf is false.  This paragraph is not in the DOM.</p><p [style.display]="'block'">  Expression sets display to "block".  This paragraph is visible.</p><p [style.display]="'none'">  Expression sets display to "none".  This paragraph is hidden but still in the DOM.</p><h4>NgIf with template</h4><p><ng-template> element</p><ng-template [ngIf]="hero">  <div class="name">{{hero.name}}</div></ng-template><hr><h2 id="ng-container"><ng-container></h2><h4>*ngIf with a <ng-container></h4><button type="button" (click)="hero = hero ? null : heroes[0]">Toggle hero</button><p>  I turned the corner  <ng-container *ngIf="hero">    and saw {{hero.name}}. I waved  </ng-container>  and continued on my way.</p><p>  I turned the corner  <span *ngIf="hero">    and saw {{hero.name}}. I waved  </span>  and continued on my way.</p><p><em><select> with <span></em></p><div>  Pick your favorite hero  (<label for="show-sad"><input id="show-sad" type="checkbox" checked (change)="showSad = !showSad">show sad</label>)</div><select [(ngModel)]="hero">  <span *ngFor="let h of heroes">    <span *ngIf="showSad || h.emotion !== 'sad'">      <option [ngValue]="h">{{h.name}} ({{h.emotion}})</option>    </span>  </span></select><p><em><select> with <ng-container></em></p><div>  Pick your favorite hero  (<label for="showSad"><input id="showSad" type="checkbox" checked (change)="showSad = !showSad">show sad</label>)</div><select [(ngModel)]="hero">  <ng-container *ngFor="let h of heroes">    <ng-container *ngIf="showSad || h.emotion !== 'sad'">      <option [ngValue]="h">{{h.name}} ({{h.emotion}})</option>    </ng-container>  </ng-container></select><br><br><hr><h2 id="ngFor">NgFor</h2><div class="box"><p class="code"><div *ngFor="let hero of heroes; let i=index; let odd=odd; trackBy: trackById" [class.odd]="odd"></p><div  *ngFor="let hero of heroes; let i=index; let odd=odd; trackBy: trackById"  [class.odd]="odd">  ({{i}}) {{hero.name}}</div><p class="code"><ng-template ngFor let-hero [ngForOf]="heroes" let-i="index" let-odd="odd" [ngForTrackBy]="trackById"/></p><ng-template ngFor let-hero [ngForOf]="heroes"  let-i="index" let-odd="odd" [ngForTrackBy]="trackById">  <div [class.odd]="odd">    ({{i}}) {{hero.name}}  </div></ng-template></div><hr><h2 id="ngSwitch">NgSwitch</h2><div>Pick your favorite hero</div><p>  <label for="hero-{{h}}" *ngFor="let h of heroes">    <input id="hero-{{h}}" type="radio" name="heroes" [(ngModel)]="hero" [value]="h">{{h.name}}  </label>  <label for="none-of-the-above"><input id="none-of-the-above" type="radio" name="heroes" (click)="hero = null">None of the above</label></p><h4>NgSwitch</h4><div [ngSwitch]="hero?.emotion">  <app-happy-hero    *ngSwitchCase="'happy'"    [hero]="hero!"></app-happy-hero>  <app-sad-hero      *ngSwitchCase="'sad'"      [hero]="hero!"></app-sad-hero>  <app-confused-hero *ngSwitchCase="'confused'" [hero]="hero!"></app-confused-hero>  <app-unknown-hero  *ngSwitchDefault           [hero]="hero!"></app-unknown-hero></div><h4>NgSwitch with <ng-template></h4><div [ngSwitch]="hero?.emotion">  <ng-template ngSwitchCase="happy">    <app-happy-hero [hero]="hero!"></app-happy-hero>  </ng-template>  <ng-template ngSwitchCase="sad">    <app-sad-hero [hero]="hero!"></app-sad-hero>  </ng-template>  <ng-template ngSwitchCase="confused">    <app-confused-hero [hero]="hero!"></app-confused-hero>  </ng-template >  <ng-template ngSwitchDefault>    <app-unknown-hero [hero]="hero!"></app-unknown-hero>  </ng-template></div><hr><h2 id="appUnless">UnlessDirective</h2><p>  The condition is currently  <span [ngClass]="{ 'a': !condition, 'b': condition, 'unless': true }">{{condition}}</span>.  <button    type="button"    (click)="condition = !condition"    [ngClass] = "{ 'a': condition, 'b': !condition }" >    Toggle condition to {{condition ? 'false' : 'true'}}  </button></p><p *appUnless="condition" class="unless a">  (A) This paragraph is displayed because the condition is false.</p><p *appUnless="!condition" class="unless b">  (B) Although the condition is true,  this paragraph is displayed because appUnless is set to false.</p><h4>UnlessDirective with template</h4><p *appUnless="condition">Show this sentence unless the condition is true.</p><p *appUnless="condition" class="code unless">  (A) <p *appUnless="condition" class="code unless"></p><ng-template [appUnless]="condition">  <p class="code unless">    (A) <ng-template [appUnless]="condition">  </p></ng-template><hr /><h2 id="appIfLoaded">IfLoadedDirective</h2><app-hero></app-hero><hr /><h2 id="appTrigonometry">TrigonometryDirective</h2><ul *appTrigonometry="30; sin as s; cos as c; tan as t">  <li>sin(30°): {{ s }}</li>  <li>cos(30°): {{ c }}</li>  <li>tan(30°): {{ t }}</li></ul>

Import the ngModel directive from FormsModule.
Add FormsModule to the imports section of the relevant Angular module.

To conditionally exclude an <option>, wrap the <option> in an <ng-container>.

src/app/app.component.html (select-ngcontainer)

      <h1>Structural Directives</h1><p>Conditional display of hero</p><blockquote><div *ngIf="hero" class="name">{{hero.name}}</div></blockquote><p>List of heroes</p><ul>  <li *ngFor="let hero of heroes">{{hero.name}}</li></ul><hr><h2 id="ngIf">NgIf</h2><p *ngIf="true">  Expression is true and ngIf is true.  This paragraph is in the DOM.</p><p *ngIf="false">  Expression is false and ngIf is false.  This paragraph is not in the DOM.</p><p [style.display]="'block'">  Expression sets display to "block".  This paragraph is visible.</p><p [style.display]="'none'">  Expression sets display to "none".  This paragraph is hidden but still in the DOM.</p><h4>NgIf with template</h4><p><ng-template> element</p><ng-template [ngIf]="hero">  <div class="name">{{hero.name}}</div></ng-template><hr><h2 id="ng-container"><ng-container></h2><h4>*ngIf with a <ng-container></h4><button type="button" (click)="hero = hero ? null : heroes[0]">Toggle hero</button><p>  I turned the corner  <ng-container *ngIf="hero">    and saw {{hero.name}}. I waved  </ng-container>  and continued on my way.</p><p>  I turned the corner  <span *ngIf="hero">    and saw {{hero.name}}. I waved  </span>  and continued on my way.</p><p><em><select> with <span></em></p><div>  Pick your favorite hero  (<label for="show-sad"><input id="show-sad" type="checkbox" checked (change)="showSad = !showSad">show sad</label>)</div><select [(ngModel)]="hero">  <span *ngFor="let h of heroes">    <span *ngIf="showSad || h.emotion !== 'sad'">      <option [ngValue]="h">{{h.name}} ({{h.emotion}})</option>    </span>  </span></select><p><em><select> with <ng-container></em></p><div>  Pick your favorite hero  (<label for="showSad"><input id="showSad" type="checkbox" checked (change)="showSad = !showSad">show sad</label>)</div><select [(ngModel)]="hero">  <ng-container *ngFor="let h of heroes">    <ng-container *ngIf="showSad || h.emotion !== 'sad'">      <option [ngValue]="h">{{h.name}} ({{h.emotion}})</option>    </ng-container>  </ng-container></select><br><br><hr><h2 id="ngFor">NgFor</h2><div class="box"><p class="code"><div *ngFor="let hero of heroes; let i=index; let odd=odd; trackBy: trackById" [class.odd]="odd"></p><div  *ngFor="let hero of heroes; let i=index; let odd=odd; trackBy: trackById"  [class.odd]="odd">  ({{i}}) {{hero.name}}</div><p class="code"><ng-template ngFor let-hero [ngForOf]="heroes" let-i="index" let-odd="odd" [ngForTrackBy]="trackById"/></p><ng-template ngFor let-hero [ngForOf]="heroes"  let-i="index" let-odd="odd" [ngForTrackBy]="trackById">  <div [class.odd]="odd">    ({{i}}) {{hero.name}}  </div></ng-template></div><hr><h2 id="ngSwitch">NgSwitch</h2><div>Pick your favorite hero</div><p>  <label for="hero-{{h}}" *ngFor="let h of heroes">    <input id="hero-{{h}}" type="radio" name="heroes" [(ngModel)]="hero" [value]="h">{{h.name}}  </label>  <label for="none-of-the-above"><input id="none-of-the-above" type="radio" name="heroes" (click)="hero = null">None of the above</label></p><h4>NgSwitch</h4><div [ngSwitch]="hero?.emotion">  <app-happy-hero    *ngSwitchCase="'happy'"    [hero]="hero!"></app-happy-hero>  <app-sad-hero      *ngSwitchCase="'sad'"      [hero]="hero!"></app-sad-hero>  <app-confused-hero *ngSwitchCase="'confused'" [hero]="hero!"></app-confused-hero>  <app-unknown-hero  *ngSwitchDefault           [hero]="hero!"></app-unknown-hero></div><h4>NgSwitch with <ng-template></h4><div [ngSwitch]="hero?.emotion">  <ng-template ngSwitchCase="happy">    <app-happy-hero [hero]="hero!"></app-happy-hero>  </ng-template>  <ng-template ngSwitchCase="sad">    <app-sad-hero [hero]="hero!"></app-sad-hero>  </ng-template>  <ng-template ngSwitchCase="confused">    <app-confused-hero [hero]="hero!"></app-confused-hero>  </ng-template >  <ng-template ngSwitchDefault>    <app-unknown-hero [hero]="hero!"></app-unknown-hero>  </ng-template></div><hr><h2 id="appUnless">UnlessDirective</h2><p>  The condition is currently  <span [ngClass]="{ 'a': !condition, 'b': condition, 'unless': true }">{{condition}}</span>.  <button    type="button"    (click)="condition = !condition"    [ngClass] = "{ 'a': condition, 'b': !condition }" >    Toggle condition to {{condition ? 'false' : 'true'}}  </button></p><p *appUnless="condition" class="unless a">  (A) This paragraph is displayed because the condition is false.</p><p *appUnless="!condition" class="unless b">  (B) Although the condition is true,  this paragraph is displayed because appUnless is set to false.</p><h4>UnlessDirective with template</h4><p *appUnless="condition">Show this sentence unless the condition is true.</p><p *appUnless="condition" class="code unless">  (A) <p *appUnless="condition" class="code unless"></p><ng-template [appUnless]="condition">  <p class="code unless">    (A) <ng-template [appUnless]="condition">  </p></ng-template><hr /><h2 id="appIfLoaded">IfLoadedDirective</h2><app-hero></app-hero><hr /><h2 id="appTrigonometry">TrigonometryDirective</h2><ul *appTrigonometry="30; sin as s; cos as c; tan as t">  <li>sin(30°): {{ s }}</li>  <li>cos(30°): {{ c }}</li>  <li>tan(30°): {{ t }}</li></ul>

Switching cases with `NgSwitch`

Like the JavaScript switch statement, NgSwitch displays one element from among several possible elements, based on a switch condition. Angular puts only the selected element into the DOM.

NgSwitch is a set of three directives:

`NgSwitch` directives	Details
`NgSwitch`	An attribute directive that changes the behavior of its companion directives.
`NgSwitchCase`	Structural directive that adds its element to the DOM when its bound value equals the switch value and removes its bound value when it doesn't equal the switch value.
`NgSwitchDefault`	Structural directive that adds its element to the DOM when there is no selected `NgSwitchCase`.

To use the directives, add the NgSwitch, NgSwitchCase and NgSwitchDefault to the component's imports list.

src/app/app.component.ts (NgSwitch imports)

      import {Component, OnInit} from '@angular/core';import {JsonPipe} from '@angular/common';import {NgIf} from '@angular/common';import {NgFor} from '@angular/common';import {NgSwitch, NgSwitchCase, NgSwitchDefault} from '@angular/common';import {NgStyle} from '@angular/common';import {NgClass} from '@angular/common';import {FormsModule} from '@angular/forms';import {Item} from './item';import {ItemDetailComponent} from './item-detail/item-detail.component';import {ItemSwitchComponents} from './item-switch.component';import {StoutItemComponent} from './item-switch.component';@Component({  standalone: true,  selector: 'app-root',  templateUrl: './app.component.html',  styleUrls: ['./app.component.css'],  imports: [    NgIf, // <-- import into the component    NgFor, // <-- import into the component    NgStyle, // <-- import into the component    NgSwitch, // <-- import into the component    NgSwitchCase,    NgSwitchDefault,    NgClass, // <-- import into the component    FormsModule, // <--- import into the component    JsonPipe,    ItemDetailComponent,    ItemSwitchComponents,    StoutItemComponent,  ],})export class AppComponent implements OnInit {  canSave = true;  isSpecial = true;  isUnchanged = true;  isActive = true;  nullCustomer: string | null = null;  currentCustomer = {    name: 'Laura',  };  item!: Item; // defined to demonstrate template context precedence  items: Item[] = [];  currentItem!: Item;  // trackBy change counting  itemsNoTrackByCount = 0;  itemsWithTrackByCount = 0;  itemsWithTrackByCountReset = 0;  itemIdIncrement = 1;  currentClasses: Record<string, boolean> = {};  currentStyles: Record<string, string> = {};  ngOnInit() {    this.resetItems();    this.setCurrentClasses();    this.setCurrentStyles();    this.itemsNoTrackByCount = 0;  }  setUppercaseName(name: string) {    this.currentItem.name = name.toUpperCase();  }  setCurrentClasses() {    // CSS classes: added/removed per current state of component properties    this.currentClasses = {      saveable: this.canSave,      modified: !this.isUnchanged,      special: this.isSpecial,    };  }  setCurrentStyles() {    // CSS styles: set per current state of component properties    this.currentStyles = {      'font-style': this.canSave ? 'italic' : 'normal',      'font-weight': !this.isUnchanged ? 'bold' : 'normal',      'font-size': this.isSpecial ? '24px' : '12px',    };  }  isActiveToggle() {    this.isActive = !this.isActive;  }  giveNullCustomerValue() {    this.nullCustomer = 'Kelly';  }  resetItems() {    this.items = Item.items.map((item) => item.clone());    this.currentItem = this.items[0];    this.item = this.currentItem;  }  resetList() {    this.resetItems();    this.itemsWithTrackByCountReset = 0;    this.itemsNoTrackByCount = ++this.itemsNoTrackByCount;  }  changeIds() {    this.items.forEach((i) => (i.id += 1 * this.itemIdIncrement));    this.itemsWithTrackByCountReset = -1;    this.itemsNoTrackByCount = ++this.itemsNoTrackByCount;    this.itemsWithTrackByCount = ++this.itemsWithTrackByCount;  }  clearTrackByCounts() {    this.resetItems();    this.itemsNoTrackByCount = 0;    this.itemsWithTrackByCount = 0;    this.itemIdIncrement = 1;  }  trackByItems(index: number, item: Item): number {    return item.id;  }  trackById(index: number, item: any): number {    return item.id;  }  getValue(event: Event): string {    return (event.target as HTMLInputElement).value;  }}

Using `NgSwitch`

On an element, such as a <div>, add [ngSwitch] bound to an expression that returns the switch value, such as feature. Though the feature value in this example is a string, the switch value can be of any type.
Bind to *ngSwitchCase and *ngSwitchDefault on the elements for the cases.

src/app/app.component.html

      <h1>Built-in Directives</h1><h2>Built-in attribute directives</h2><h3 id="ngModel">NgModel (two-way) Binding</h3><fieldset><h4>NgModel examples</h4>  <p>Current item name: {{ currentItem.name }}</p>  <p>    <label for="without">without NgModel:</label>    <input [value]="currentItem.name" (input)="currentItem.name=getValue($event)" id="without">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-ngModel">[(ngModel)]:</label>    <input [(ngModel)]="currentItem.name" id="example-ngModel">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-change">(ngModelChange)="...name=$event":</label>    <input [ngModel]="currentItem.name" (ngModelChange)="currentItem.name=$event" id="example-change">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-uppercase">(ngModelChange)="setUppercaseName($event)"      <input [ngModel]="currentItem.name" (ngModelChange)="setUppercaseName($event)" id="example-uppercase">    </label>  </p></fieldset><hr><h2 id="ngClass">NgClass Binding</h2><p>currentClasses is {{ currentClasses | json }}</p><div [ngClass]="currentClasses">This div is initially saveable, unchanged, and special.</div><ul>  <li>    <label for="saveable">saveable</label>    <input type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="canSave" id="saveable">  </li>  <li>    <label for="modified">modified:</label>    <input type="checkbox" [value]="!isUnchanged" (change)="isUnchanged=!isUnchanged" id="modified"></li>  <li>    <label for="special">special: <input type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isSpecial" id="special"></label></li></ul><button type="button" (click)="setCurrentClasses()">Refresh currentClasses</button><div [ngClass]="currentClasses">  This div should be {{ canSave ? "": "not"}} saveable,                  {{ isUnchanged ? "unchanged" : "modified" }} and                  {{ isSpecial ? "": "not"}} special after clicking "Refresh".</div><br><br><!-- toggle the "special" class on/off with a property --><div [ngClass]="isSpecial ? 'special' : ''">This div is special</div><div class="helpful study course">Helpful study course</div><div [ngClass]="{'helpful':false, 'study':true, 'course':true}">Study course</div><!-- NgStyle binding --><hr><h3>NgStyle Binding</h3><div [style.font-size]="isSpecial ? 'x-large' : 'smaller'">  This div is x-large or smaller.</div><h4>[ngStyle] binding to currentStyles - CSS property names</h4><p>currentStyles is {{ currentStyles | json }}</p><div [ngStyle]="currentStyles">  This div is initially italic, normal weight, and extra large (24px).</div><br><label for="canSave">italic: <input id="canSave" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="canSave"></label> |<label for="isUnchanged">normal: <input id="isUnchanged" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isUnchanged"></label> |<label for="isSpecial">xlarge: <input id="isSpecial" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isSpecial"></label><button type="button" (click)="setCurrentStyles()">Refresh currentStyles</button><br><br><div [ngStyle]="currentStyles">  This div should be {{ canSave ? "italic": "plain"}},                  {{ isUnchanged ? "normal weight" : "bold" }} and,                  {{ isSpecial ? "extra large": "normal size"}} after clicking "Refresh".</div><hr><h2>Built-in structural directives</h2><h3 id="ngIf">NgIf Binding</h3><div>  <p>If isActive is true, app-item-detail will render: </p>  <app-item-detail *ngIf="isActive" [item]="item"></app-item-detail>  <button type="button" (click)="isActiveToggle()">Toggle app-item-detail</button></div><p>If currentCustomer isn't null, say hello to Laura:</p><div *ngIf="currentCustomer">Hello, {{ currentCustomer.name }}</div><p>nullCustomer is null by default. NgIf guards against null. Give it a value to show it:</p><div *ngIf="nullCustomer">Hello, <span>{{ nullCustomer }}</span></div><button type="button" (click)="giveNullCustomerValue()">Give nullCustomer a value</button><h4>NgIf binding with template (no *)</h4><ng-template [ngIf]="currentItem">Add {{ currentItem.name }} with template</ng-template><hr><h4>Show/hide vs. NgIf</h4><!-- isSpecial is true --><div [class.hidden]="!isSpecial">Show with class</div><div [class.hidden]="isSpecial">Hide with class</div><p>ItemDetail is in the DOM but hidden</p><app-item-detail [class.hidden]="isSpecial"></app-item-detail><div [style.display]="isSpecial ? 'block' : 'none'">Show with style</div><div [style.display]="isSpecial ? 'none'  : 'block'">Hide with style</div><hr><h2 id="ngFor">NgFor Binding</h2><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items">{{ item.name }}</div></div><p>*ngFor with ItemDetailComponent element</p><div class="box">  <app-item-detail *ngFor="let item of items" [item]="item"></app-item-detail></div><h4 id="ngFor-index">*ngFor with index</h4><p>with <em>semi-colon</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items; let i=index">{{ i + 1 }} - {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with <em>comma</em> separator</p><div class="box"> <div *ngFor="let item of items, let i=index">{{ i + 1 }} - {{ item.name }}</div></div><h4 id="ngFor-trackBy">*ngFor trackBy</h4><button type="button" (click)="resetList()">Reset items</button><button type="button" (click)="changeIds()">Change ids</button><button type="button" (click)="clearTrackByCounts()">Clear counts</button><p><em>without</em> trackBy</p><div class="box">  <div #noTrackBy *ngFor="let item of items">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div>  <div id="noTrackByCnt" *ngIf="itemsNoTrackByCount" >    Item DOM elements change #{{ itemsNoTrackByCount }} without trackBy  </div></div><p>with trackBy</p><div class="box">  <div #withTrackBy *ngFor="let item of items; trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div>  <div id="withTrackByCnt" *ngIf="itemsWithTrackByCount">    Item DOM elements change #{{ itemsWithTrackByCount }} with trackBy  </div></div><br><br><br><p>with trackBy and <em>semi-colon</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items; trackBy: trackByItems">    ({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}  </div></div><p>with trackBy and <em>comma</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items, trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with trackBy and <em>space</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with <em>generic</em> trackById function</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items, trackBy: trackById">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><hr><h2>NgSwitch Binding</h2><p>Pick your favorite item</p><div>  <label for="item-{{i}}" *ngFor="let i of items">    <div><input id="item-{{i}}"type="radio" name="items" [(ngModel)]="currentItem" [value]="i">{{ i.name }}    </div>  </label></div><div [ngSwitch]="currentItem.feature">  <app-stout-item    *ngSwitchCase="'stout'"    [item]="currentItem"></app-stout-item>  <app-device-item   *ngSwitchCase="'slim'"     [item]="currentItem"></app-device-item>  <app-lost-item     *ngSwitchCase="'vintage'"  [item]="currentItem"></app-lost-item>  <app-best-item     *ngSwitchCase="'bright'"   [item]="currentItem"></app-best-item>  <div *ngSwitchCase="'bright'">Are you as bright as {{ currentItem.name }}?</div>  <app-unknown-item  *ngSwitchDefault           [item]="currentItem"></app-unknown-item></div>

In the parent component, define currentItem, to use it in the [ngSwitch] expression.

src/app/app.component.ts

      import {Component, OnInit} from '@angular/core';import {JsonPipe} from '@angular/common';import {NgIf} from '@angular/common';import {NgFor} from '@angular/common';import {NgSwitch, NgSwitchCase, NgSwitchDefault} from '@angular/common';import {NgStyle} from '@angular/common';import {NgClass} from '@angular/common';import {FormsModule} from '@angular/forms';import {Item} from './item';import {ItemDetailComponent} from './item-detail/item-detail.component';import {ItemSwitchComponents} from './item-switch.component';import {StoutItemComponent} from './item-switch.component';@Component({  standalone: true,  selector: 'app-root',  templateUrl: './app.component.html',  styleUrls: ['./app.component.css'],  imports: [    NgIf, // <-- import into the component    NgFor, // <-- import into the component    NgStyle, // <-- import into the component    NgSwitch, // <-- import into the component    NgSwitchCase,    NgSwitchDefault,    NgClass, // <-- import into the component    FormsModule, // <--- import into the component    JsonPipe,    ItemDetailComponent,    ItemSwitchComponents,    StoutItemComponent,  ],})export class AppComponent implements OnInit {  canSave = true;  isSpecial = true;  isUnchanged = true;  isActive = true;  nullCustomer: string | null = null;  currentCustomer = {    name: 'Laura',  };  item!: Item; // defined to demonstrate template context precedence  items: Item[] = [];  currentItem!: Item;  // trackBy change counting  itemsNoTrackByCount = 0;  itemsWithTrackByCount = 0;  itemsWithTrackByCountReset = 0;  itemIdIncrement = 1;  currentClasses: Record<string, boolean> = {};  currentStyles: Record<string, string> = {};  ngOnInit() {    this.resetItems();    this.setCurrentClasses();    this.setCurrentStyles();    this.itemsNoTrackByCount = 0;  }  setUppercaseName(name: string) {    this.currentItem.name = name.toUpperCase();  }  setCurrentClasses() {    // CSS classes: added/removed per current state of component properties    this.currentClasses = {      saveable: this.canSave,      modified: !this.isUnchanged,      special: this.isSpecial,    };  }  setCurrentStyles() {    // CSS styles: set per current state of component properties    this.currentStyles = {      'font-style': this.canSave ? 'italic' : 'normal',      'font-weight': !this.isUnchanged ? 'bold' : 'normal',      'font-size': this.isSpecial ? '24px' : '12px',    };  }  isActiveToggle() {    this.isActive = !this.isActive;  }  giveNullCustomerValue() {    this.nullCustomer = 'Kelly';  }  resetItems() {    this.items = Item.items.map((item) => item.clone());    this.currentItem = this.items[0];    this.item = this.currentItem;  }  resetList() {    this.resetItems();    this.itemsWithTrackByCountReset = 0;    this.itemsNoTrackByCount = ++this.itemsNoTrackByCount;  }  changeIds() {    this.items.forEach((i) => (i.id += 1 * this.itemIdIncrement));    this.itemsWithTrackByCountReset = -1;    this.itemsNoTrackByCount = ++this.itemsNoTrackByCount;    this.itemsWithTrackByCount = ++this.itemsWithTrackByCount;  }  clearTrackByCounts() {    this.resetItems();    this.itemsNoTrackByCount = 0;    this.itemsWithTrackByCount = 0;    this.itemIdIncrement = 1;  }  trackByItems(index: number, item: Item): number {    return item.id;  }  trackById(index: number, item: any): number {    return item.id;  }  getValue(event: Event): string {    return (event.target as HTMLInputElement).value;  }}

In each child component, add an item input property which is bound to the currentItem of the parent component. The following two snippets show the parent component and one of the child components. The other child components are identical to StoutItemComponent.

In each child component, here StoutItemComponent

      import {Component, Input} from '@angular/core';import {Item} from './item';@Component({  standalone: true,  selector: 'app-stout-item',  template: "I'm a little {{item.name}}, short and stout!",})export class StoutItemComponent {  @Input() item!: Item;}@Component({  standalone: true,  selector: 'app-best-item',  template: 'This is the brightest {{item.name}} in town.',})export class BestItemComponent {  @Input() item!: Item;}@Component({  standalone: true,  selector: 'app-device-item',  template: 'Which is the slimmest {{item.name}}?',})export class DeviceItemComponent {  @Input() item!: Item;}@Component({  standalone: true,  selector: 'app-lost-item',  template: 'Has anyone seen my {{item.name}}?',})export class LostItemComponent {  @Input() item!: Item;}@Component({  standalone: true,  selector: 'app-unknown-item',  template: '{{message}}',})export class UnknownItemComponent {  @Input() item!: Item;  get message() {    return this.item && this.item.name      ? `${this.item.name} is strange and mysterious.`      : 'A mystery wrapped in a fishbowl.';  }}export const ItemSwitchComponents = [  StoutItemComponent,  BestItemComponent,  DeviceItemComponent,  LostItemComponent,  UnknownItemComponent,];

Switch directives also work with built-in HTML elements and web components. For example, you could replace the <app-best-item> switch case with a <div> as follows.

src/app/app.component.html

      <h1>Built-in Directives</h1><h2>Built-in attribute directives</h2><h3 id="ngModel">NgModel (two-way) Binding</h3><fieldset><h4>NgModel examples</h4>  <p>Current item name: {{ currentItem.name }}</p>  <p>    <label for="without">without NgModel:</label>    <input [value]="currentItem.name" (input)="currentItem.name=getValue($event)" id="without">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-ngModel">[(ngModel)]:</label>    <input [(ngModel)]="currentItem.name" id="example-ngModel">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-change">(ngModelChange)="...name=$event":</label>    <input [ngModel]="currentItem.name" (ngModelChange)="currentItem.name=$event" id="example-change">  </p>  <p>    <label for="example-uppercase">(ngModelChange)="setUppercaseName($event)"      <input [ngModel]="currentItem.name" (ngModelChange)="setUppercaseName($event)" id="example-uppercase">    </label>  </p></fieldset><hr><h2 id="ngClass">NgClass Binding</h2><p>currentClasses is {{ currentClasses | json }}</p><div [ngClass]="currentClasses">This div is initially saveable, unchanged, and special.</div><ul>  <li>    <label for="saveable">saveable</label>    <input type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="canSave" id="saveable">  </li>  <li>    <label for="modified">modified:</label>    <input type="checkbox" [value]="!isUnchanged" (change)="isUnchanged=!isUnchanged" id="modified"></li>  <li>    <label for="special">special: <input type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isSpecial" id="special"></label></li></ul><button type="button" (click)="setCurrentClasses()">Refresh currentClasses</button><div [ngClass]="currentClasses">  This div should be {{ canSave ? "": "not"}} saveable,                  {{ isUnchanged ? "unchanged" : "modified" }} and                  {{ isSpecial ? "": "not"}} special after clicking "Refresh".</div><br><br><!-- toggle the "special" class on/off with a property --><div [ngClass]="isSpecial ? 'special' : ''">This div is special</div><div class="helpful study course">Helpful study course</div><div [ngClass]="{'helpful':false, 'study':true, 'course':true}">Study course</div><!-- NgStyle binding --><hr><h3>NgStyle Binding</h3><div [style.font-size]="isSpecial ? 'x-large' : 'smaller'">  This div is x-large or smaller.</div><h4>[ngStyle] binding to currentStyles - CSS property names</h4><p>currentStyles is {{ currentStyles | json }}</p><div [ngStyle]="currentStyles">  This div is initially italic, normal weight, and extra large (24px).</div><br><label for="canSave">italic: <input id="canSave" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="canSave"></label> |<label for="isUnchanged">normal: <input id="isUnchanged" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isUnchanged"></label> |<label for="isSpecial">xlarge: <input id="isSpecial" type="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="isSpecial"></label><button type="button" (click)="setCurrentStyles()">Refresh currentStyles</button><br><br><div [ngStyle]="currentStyles">  This div should be {{ canSave ? "italic": "plain"}},                  {{ isUnchanged ? "normal weight" : "bold" }} and,                  {{ isSpecial ? "extra large": "normal size"}} after clicking "Refresh".</div><hr><h2>Built-in structural directives</h2><h3 id="ngIf">NgIf Binding</h3><div>  <p>If isActive is true, app-item-detail will render: </p>  <app-item-detail *ngIf="isActive" [item]="item"></app-item-detail>  <button type="button" (click)="isActiveToggle()">Toggle app-item-detail</button></div><p>If currentCustomer isn't null, say hello to Laura:</p><div *ngIf="currentCustomer">Hello, {{ currentCustomer.name }}</div><p>nullCustomer is null by default. NgIf guards against null. Give it a value to show it:</p><div *ngIf="nullCustomer">Hello, <span>{{ nullCustomer }}</span></div><button type="button" (click)="giveNullCustomerValue()">Give nullCustomer a value</button><h4>NgIf binding with template (no *)</h4><ng-template [ngIf]="currentItem">Add {{ currentItem.name }} with template</ng-template><hr><h4>Show/hide vs. NgIf</h4><!-- isSpecial is true --><div [class.hidden]="!isSpecial">Show with class</div><div [class.hidden]="isSpecial">Hide with class</div><p>ItemDetail is in the DOM but hidden</p><app-item-detail [class.hidden]="isSpecial"></app-item-detail><div [style.display]="isSpecial ? 'block' : 'none'">Show with style</div><div [style.display]="isSpecial ? 'none'  : 'block'">Hide with style</div><hr><h2 id="ngFor">NgFor Binding</h2><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items">{{ item.name }}</div></div><p>*ngFor with ItemDetailComponent element</p><div class="box">  <app-item-detail *ngFor="let item of items" [item]="item"></app-item-detail></div><h4 id="ngFor-index">*ngFor with index</h4><p>with <em>semi-colon</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items; let i=index">{{ i + 1 }} - {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with <em>comma</em> separator</p><div class="box"> <div *ngFor="let item of items, let i=index">{{ i + 1 }} - {{ item.name }}</div></div><h4 id="ngFor-trackBy">*ngFor trackBy</h4><button type="button" (click)="resetList()">Reset items</button><button type="button" (click)="changeIds()">Change ids</button><button type="button" (click)="clearTrackByCounts()">Clear counts</button><p><em>without</em> trackBy</p><div class="box">  <div #noTrackBy *ngFor="let item of items">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div>  <div id="noTrackByCnt" *ngIf="itemsNoTrackByCount" >    Item DOM elements change #{{ itemsNoTrackByCount }} without trackBy  </div></div><p>with trackBy</p><div class="box">  <div #withTrackBy *ngFor="let item of items; trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div>  <div id="withTrackByCnt" *ngIf="itemsWithTrackByCount">    Item DOM elements change #{{ itemsWithTrackByCount }} with trackBy  </div></div><br><br><br><p>with trackBy and <em>semi-colon</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items; trackBy: trackByItems">    ({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}  </div></div><p>with trackBy and <em>comma</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items, trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with trackBy and <em>space</em> separator</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items trackBy: trackByItems">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><p>with <em>generic</em> trackById function</p><div class="box">  <div *ngFor="let item of items, trackBy: trackById">({{ item.id }}) {{ item.name }}</div></div><hr><h2>NgSwitch Binding</h2><p>Pick your favorite item</p><div>  <label for="item-{{i}}" *ngFor="let i of items">    <div><input id="item-{{i}}"type="radio" name="items" [(ngModel)]="currentItem" [value]="i">{{ i.name }}    </div>  </label></div><div [ngSwitch]="currentItem.feature">  <app-stout-item    *ngSwitchCase="'stout'"    [item]="currentItem"></app-stout-item>  <app-device-item   *ngSwitchCase="'slim'"     [item]="currentItem"></app-device-item>  <app-lost-item     *ngSwitchCase="'vintage'"  [item]="currentItem"></app-lost-item>  <app-best-item     *ngSwitchCase="'bright'"   [item]="currentItem"></app-best-item>  <div *ngSwitchCase="'bright'">Are you as bright as {{ currentItem.name }}?</div>  <app-unknown-item  *ngSwitchDefault           [item]="currentItem"></app-unknown-item></div>